skull

Pregunta	Respuesta
What aspect of the vertebral column does the skull rest on?	the superior aspect
how many bones does the skull have and what are their groups?	22. Cranial and Facial
How many cranial bones are there? facial?	8 and 14
What are the two groups of cranial bones? Which bones belong to which group?	Calvaria- Frontal, Occipital, and parietals. Floor- Ethmoid, Sphenoid, and temporals
what do the facial bones provide?	-structure, shape, and support for the face -protective housing for respiratory and digestive tracts
what is the spongy tissue in bone called?	diploe
what is the only bone of the cranium not joined by a suture?	mandible
what are the 4 sutures of the skull?	coronal, squamosal. lambdoidal, and sagittal
which suture is found between the frontal and parietal bones?	coronal
which suture is found on the top of the head between the parietal bones?	sagittal
what is the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures called?	bregma
which suture is found between the temporal and parietal bones?	Squamosal
which suture is found between the occipital and parietal bones?	Lambdoidal
what is the junction of the lambdoidal and sagittal sutures?	Lambda
What is the pterion and what aspect of the skull is it on?	the junction of the parietal bone, squamosal suture, and greater wing of spenoid. Lateral aspect
what is the asterion?	the junction of the occipital bone, parietal bone, and mastoid portion of the temporal bone
what is a fontanel?	six areas of incomplete ossification in the infant skull
where is the anterior fontanel located?	the junction of the frontal and parietal bones at the bregma
where is the posterior fontanel located?	at the lambda
where are the sphenoidal fontanelles located?	pterion
where are the mastoid fontanelles located?	asterion
during which time period do the sphenoidal and posterior fontanelles close?	1-3 months
during which time period do the mastoid and anterior fontanelles close?	2 years
when is adult density of the brain achieved?	12 years
what are the three regions of the cranial floor?	anterior, middle, and posterior
where does the anterior cranial fossa extend to?	anterior frontal bone to lesser wings of the sohenoid
where does the middle cranial fossa extend to?	lesser wings of sphenoid to apices of petrous regions
what is the deep depression posterior to the petrous ridges? what does is protect?	posterior cranial fossa. cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
what is a typical skull called? what angle does it form with the MSP?	mesocephalic, 47
What is a shorter, wider skull called? what angle does it form with the MSP?	Bracycephalic, 54
What is the longer, narrower skull called? what angle does it form with the MSP?	Dolicocephalic, 40
what are typical skull measurements?	6 inches side to side, 7 inches front to back, 9 inches deep
how far does the deviation of normal head length vary?	1 inch
what is the vertical portion of the frontal bone called? what does it form?	squama, forehead and anterior part of vault
what does the horizontal portion of the frontal bone form?	orbital plates, roof of nasal cavity, greater part of anterior cranial fossa
where is the frontal eminence located?	superior portion of the squama on each side of MSP
where are the superciliary ridges located?	below frontal eminence above the supraorbital margin
what is the supraorbital foramen and where is it located?	opening for nerves and blood vessels, in the center of the supraorbital margin
where are the frontal sinuses located?	between the two tables of the squama on each side of the MSP
what does the squama articulate with and where?	parietal bones at the coronal suture, greater wing of sphenoid at the frontosphenoidal suture and nasal bones at frontonasal suture
what cranial bones does the frontal bone articulate with?	parietals, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
what seperates the orbital plates?	the ethmoid notch
where is the nasal spine located?	the anterior edge of the ethmoiidal notch
what do the posterior margin of the orbital plates articulate with?	the lesser wing of sphenoid
what does the ethmoid bone consist of?	vertical and horizontal portions, two labyrinths
what is a labyrinth?	spongy lateral mass
where is the ethmoid bone located? what does is form?	between the orbits, anterior cranial fossa, nasal cavity, orbital walls, and bony nasal septum
what is the horizontal portion of the ethmoid bone called? Vertical?	cribiform plate, perpendicular plate
why is there foramina in the cribiform plate?	for the transmission of olfactory nerves
what is the thick, conical process of the ethmoid bone? what does this serve as an attachment for?	crista galli, the falx cerebri
what do the labyrinths contain?	ethmoid sinuses(air cells)
what do the walls of the labyrinths form?	medial walls of orbits, lateral walls of the nasal cavity
what are the two thin, scroll like processes on the medial walls of the labyrinth?	superior and middle nasal conchae
what cranial bones does the ethmoid bone articulate with?	frontal and sphenoid bones
what do the parietal bones form?	large portion of the sides of the and posterior portion of the cranial roof
where do the parietal bones articulate with each other?	sagittal suture on the MSP
what is the buldge near the central portion of the external surface of each parietal bone called?	parietal eminence
Where should the width of the head be measured?	the parietal eminence
which cranial bones do the parietal bones articulate with?	frontal, temporal, occipital, sphenoidal, and each other
what does the sphenoid bone resemble?	a bat with extended wings
where is the sphenoid bone located?	in the cranial base anterior to the temporal bones and occipital bone
what does the sphenoid consist of?	body, two lesser wings, and two greater wings
what are the spenoid sinuses seperated by and where are they located?	a median septum, body of sphenoid
what does the anterior part of the sphenoid body form?	posterior bony wall of the nasal cavity
what is the sella turcica and where is it located?	a deep depression on the superior surface of the sphenoid
what does the sella turcica contain?	pituitary gland
where exactly does the sella turcica lie in relation to the EAM	3/4 inch anterior and 3/4 superior
what bounds the sella turcica?	tuberculum sellae anteriorly and dorsum sellae posteriorly
what is the clivus?	the slanted area of bone posterior and inferior to the dorsum sellae that continues to the basillar portion of the occipital bone
what does the clivus support?	the pons
what is the carotid sulcus and where is it located?	groove on both sides of the sella turcica that contains the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus
where does the optic groove extend to?	across the anterior part of the tuberculum sellae it ends on both sides of the optic canal
what is the optic canal?	the opening to the apex of the orbit
what do the lesser wings of the sphenoid form?	the posteromedial portion of the anterior cranial fossa upper margin of the superior orbirtal fissures and optic canals
what forms the anterior clinoid process?	medial ends of posterior borders of the lesser wings of the sphenoid
what do the greater wings of the sphenoid form?	middle cranial fossa, walls of orbits, superior orbital sulci, and posterior margin of the inferior orbital sulci
where are the Pterygoid processes located and what do they consist of?	inferior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone and the medial and lateral pterygoid laminae,
which bones of the cranium does the sphenoid articulate with	all other cranial bones
what part of the cranium is the occipital bone located on?	posterioinferior
what does the occipital bone form?	posterior half of the base of cranium and greater part of posterior cranial fossa
what are the four parts of the occipital bone?	squama, two condyles, and basilar portion
what passes through the foramen magnum to exit the cranial cavity and joins the spinal cord	medulla oblongata
what cranial bones does the squama articulate with?	parietal bones at the lambdoidal sutures
where is the inion located?	external surface of the squama between summit and foramen magnum
what are the occipitoatlantal joints	the only bony articulations between the head and neck
where are the hypoglossal canals found? what do they do?	anterior ends of condyles, transmit hypoglossal nerves
where are the condylar canals found and what do they do?	posterior end of condyles. emissary veins pass
where is the jugular foramen?	anterior portion of the occipital bone
what does the jugular foramen do?	lets blood drain from vein, allows 3 cranial nerves to pass through
what cranial bones does the occipital bone articulate with?	parietals, temporals, sphenoid, and first cervical vertebrae
where are the temporal bones located?	between greater wings of sphenoid and occipital bone
what do the temporal bones form?	large part of the middle fossa of cranium and small part of the posterior fossa
what do the temporal bones consist of?	squamos portion, tympanic portion, styloid process, zygomatic process, and petromastoid portion
what forms the temporomandibular joint(TMJ)	the mandibular fossa and the mandibular condyle
how long is the EAM?	1 inch in length
is the mastoid process larger in males or females?	males
what is the name given to the first mastoid air cell to develop?	mastoid antrum
what is the thickest, densest bone in the cranium?	the petrous pyramid
where is the IAM located?	at the center of the posterior aspect of the petrous portion
what is the upper border of the petrous portion referred to as?	petrous ridge
which bones of the cranium do the temporal bones articulate with?	parietal, occipital, and sphenoid bones
what are the 3 main divisions of the hearing organs?	external ear, middle ear, and inferior ear
what are the two main parts of the external ear?	auricle and EAM
what does the middle ear consist of?	tympanic membrane membrane, cavity, and auditory ossicles
how long is the auditory tube?	1 1/4 inches
which 3 bones permit vibratory motion?	malleous, incus, and stapes
what does the inner ear contain?	essential sensort apparatus of hearing and equilibrium
what are the 3 parts of the bony labyrinth of the ear?	cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
what do the two nasal bones form?	bridge of the nose
what do the nasal bones articulate with?	ethmoid bone, each other, frontal bone
what are the two smallest bones in the skull?	lacrimal bones
where are the lacrimal bones located?	medial wall of orbits, between labyrinth of ethmoid bone and maxilla
what do the lacrimal bones and the maxillae form?	the lacrimal fossae
what does each lacrimal bone contain?	a lacrimal foramen which a tear duct passes through
what do the lacrimal bones articulate with?	frontal and ethmoid bones, maxilla and inferior nasal concha
which projections can the lacrimal bones be seen on?	PA and lateral
which are the largest and immovable facial bones?	maxillary bones
which bones do the maxillary bones articulate with?	all facial except mandible. frontal and ethmoid bones
what do the maxillary bones form?	floor of nasal cavity, orbital cavities, roof of mouth
what does the maxillary sinus empty into?	nasal cavity
where is the alveolar process? what is it?	inferior borders of maxillae, spongy ridge that supports teeth
what is the midpoint of the anterior nasal spine called?	acanthion
what do the zygomatic bones form?	prominence of cheeks
what forms the zygomatic arch?	temporal process and zygomatic process of temporal bone
what does the zygomatic bone articulate with?	frontal bone, zygomatic process of temporal bone, maxilla and sphenoid
which two bones are L shaped?	palatine bones
what are the palatine bones composed of?	vertical and horizontal plates
what do the horizontal plates of the palatine bones articulate with? veritcal?	maxillae, maxillae and pterygoid process
why are the nasal conchae covered in a mucous membrane?	to warm, moisten, and cleanse inhaled air
where is the vomer located?	MSP on the floor of nasal cavity
what does the mandible consist of?	body, two rami
what forms the gonion?	rami of mandible
what is the most anterior part of the mandible?	symphysis
what seperates the coronoid and condylar processes of the mandible?	mandibular notch
the TMJ slants posteriorly and inferiorly how many degrees?	15 degrees
what shape is the hyoid bone?	U shaped
where is the hyoid bone located?	base of tongue
what holds the hyoid bone in place?	stylohyoid ligaments
which bone of the skull is not an accessory bone?	hyoid
what is the only bone in the body that doesnt articulate with another bone?	hyoid
what does the hyoid bone consist of?	body, 2 greater and lesser cornua
how many different bones does each orbit consist of?	seven
how many cranial bones make up the orbit? what are they?	3, frontnal, sphenoid, and ethmoid
how many facial bones make up the orbit? what are they?	4, maxilla, zygoma, lacrimal, and palatine
which bones form the circumference of the orbit?	frontal, zygoma, and maxilla
what are the sutures of the skull connected by?	a thin layer of fibrous tissue
what kind of joints are in the skull?	fibrous joints
what type of joint is the TMJ?	synovial
what are the paranasal sinuses?	air containing cavities situated in the frontal, ethomoid, and sphenoidal bones
what are the purposes of the paranasal sinuses?	resonating chamber for the voice, decrease the weight of the skull, warm and moisten air, shock absorbers, control immune system
which sinuses are present at birth?	maxillary
which sinuses develop around the age of 6?	frontal and sphenoidal
which sinuses develop during puberty?	ethmoid
what do the sinuses communicate with?	other sinuses and nasal cavity
which sinuses are the largest?	maxillary
what shape are the maxillary sinuses? how many walls do they have?	pyramidal, 3 walls
what are the second largest sinuses?	frontal
where are the frontal sinuses located?	between tables of the veritcal plate of frontal bone
which sinus can be absent?	frontal
where do the maxillary, ethmoid, and frontal sinuses drain?	middle nasal meatus
where are the ethmoidal sinuses located?	lateral mass of the labyrinths of ethmoid bone
how many cells are in the middle and anterior air cells?	2 to 8
how many cells are in the posterior air cells?	2 to 6
where are the sphenoidal sinuses located?	below sella turcica
where do the sphenoidal sinuses empty into	sphenoethmoidal recess of the nasal cavity
what degree angle exists between the OML and IOML in the adult?	7 degrees
what degree angle exists between the OML and glabellomeatal line in the adult?	8 degrees
Lateral Projection(cranium) patient position part position CR IR Respiration collimation	PP: anterior oblique pp: side of interest closer to IR, MSP parallel to IR, IOML perpendicular to front edge, parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR CR: 2 in above EAM IR: Perpendicular R: suspend C: 10 x12
Dorsal Decubitus(cranium)	same as lateral except IR placement
PA(cranium) Part Position Patient Position CR IR Respiration collimation	PP: prone or seated, MSP centered, forehead and nose on bucky pp: OML perpendicular to IR CR: nasion for PA(frontal bone), 20 to 25 caudad to midorbits(orbital fissures), 15 degrees caudad to nasion IR: to nasion Respiration: suspend Collimation: 10 x 12
PA axial caldwell(cranium) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	everything same as PA except CR is 15 degrees caudad
AP(cranium) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	PP: supine, MSP centered,OML perpendicular to IR CR: perpendicular to nasion IR: perpendicular to CR R: suspend C: 10x12
AP axial(cranium) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	same as AP except CR is 15 degrees cephalad
AP Axial Towne(cranium) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	PP: supine, MSP centered pp: OML perpendicular to IR CR: through foramen magnum at 30 degrees caudad to OML or 37 degrees to IOML IR: top at cranial vertex R: suspend C: 10 x 12
PA axial (Haas) cranium Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	PP: prone, MSP centered pp: forehead and nose on table, OML perpendicular to IR CR: 25 degrees cephalad to the OML, enters 1.5 inches below inion R: suspend C: 10x12
SMV(cranium) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	PP: IOML parrallel to IR, MSP perpendicular CR: through sella turcica to IOML between mandible angles, 3/4 inch anterior to EAM R: suspend C: 10 x 12
Lateral(orbits) Part position CR Respiration	PP: outer canthus of affected eye adjacent to midpoint of IR pp: IPL perpendicular to IR CR: perpendicular through outer canthus R: suspend
Parietocanthial waters(orbits) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	PP: prone, MSP centered pp: chin extended, OML at 37 degree angle, MML perpendicular CR: perpendicular to ancanthion IR: center to acanthion R: suspend C: 6 x 10
PA axial Caldwell(orbits) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	PP: prone, forehead and nose on bucky, OML perpendicular to IR, eyes closed IR: 3/4 distal to nasion CR: 30 degrees caudad through center of orbits
modified waters(orbits) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	OML forms 50 degree angle with IR IR: to orbits CR: through midorbits
lateral(facial) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: anterior oblique, MSP parallel, IPL perpendicular CR: zygomatic bone, halfway between outer canthus and EAM IR: perpendicular to CR C: 6 x 10
Parietocanthial bones waters(facial) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: prone, MSP centered, chin extended, OML 37 degree angle to IR, MML perpendicular IR: acanthion CR: acanthion C: 8 x 10
reverse Parietocanthial(facial) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: supine, MSP centered, OML at 37 degree angle, MSP perpendicular CR and IR: acanthion C: 10 x 12
PA axial caldwell(facial) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	PP: prone, MSP centered, forehead and nose touching bucky, OML and MSP perpendicular IR: nasion CR: 15 degrees caudad exits nasion, for orbital rims 30 degrees caudad C: 10 x 12
Lateral(nasal) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: recumbant anterior oblique, MSP of head horizontal and parallel with table, IPL perpendicular, IOML parallel CR: bridge of nose, 1/2 inch distal to nasion C: 3 x 3
Parietocanthial waters(nasal) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: prone, MSP centered to midline, chin extended, OML 37 degree angle with IR, MML perpendicular, MSP perpendicular CR: midway between nasion and acanthion C: 3 x 3
PA axial Caldwell(nasal) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: prone, MSP centered, forehead and nose touching bucky, OML and MSP perpendicular IR: nasion CR: 15 degrees caudad to nasion C: 3x3
SMV(zygomatic arches) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: supine, extend neck, IOML parallel to IR, MSP perpendicular CR: throat, 1 inch posterior to outer canthi IR: CR C: 8 x 10
Parietocanthial Waters(zygomatic arches) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: prone, MSP centered, extend chin tip, OML at 37 degree angle to IR, MML perpendicular to IR, MSP perpendicular CR: acanthion IR: acanthion C: 8 x 10
tangential(zygomatic arches) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: upright, back against bucky, extend neck, OML parallel to IR, MSP of head 15 degrees toward side being examined, top of head 15 degrees away from side being examined. CR: zygomatic arch, 1 inch posterior to outer canthus IR: zygomatic arch C: 8 x 10
AP axial modified towne's(zygomatic arches) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: upright or supine, MSP and OML perpendicular to IR CR: 30 degrees caudad to glabella, 1 inch above nasion. IR: CR C: 8 x 10
PA(mandible) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: prone or upright facing bucky, forehead and nose on IR, OML and MSP perpendicular CR: acanthion IR: CR C: 8 x 10
PA axial(mandible) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: prone or upright facing bucky, forehead and nose on bucky, OML and MSP perpendicular to IR CR: 20-25 degrees cephalad, acanthion IR: CR C: 8 x 10
AP axial towne(mandible) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: supine, MSP centered, MSP and OML perpendicular, mandibular symphysis parallel with IR, AML perpendicular to IR CR: 30 degrees caudad, between TMJ's IR: CR C: 8 x 10
PA modified waters(mandible) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: prone or erect, MSP centered, nose and chin on bucky, AML and MSP perpendicular CR: perpendicular to lips
Axiolateral(mandible) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: anterior oblique position, semi prone, IPL perpendicular, mouth closed, mandibular body parallel, rotation of head to different body parts: rami: head true lateral body: head 30 degrees toward IR symphysis: head 45 degrees toward IR CR: 25 degrees cephalad through region of interest IR: CR C: 8 x 10
SMV(mandible) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: upright or supine, MSP perpendicular and centered, IOML parallel, neck extended CR: through sella turcica, perpendicular to IOML, between mandible angles, 3/4 inch anterior to EAM IR: CR C: 8 x 10
AP axial townes(TMJ's) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: supine or upright, posterior skull touching bucky, MSP and OML perpendicular CR: 35 degrees caudad, between TMJ's, 3 inches above nasion C: 8 x 10
Axial Modified Shueller(mandible) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: semi prone or upright, one with mouth closed and one with mouth open , MSP parallel, IPL perpendicular, affected side closest, lateral position CR: 25-30 degrees caudad, 1/2 inch anterior and 2 inches superior to EAM C: 8 x 10
Axiolateral Oblique modified law(TMJ's) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation	pp: semi prone or upright, one with mouth closed and one with mouth open IR: 1/2 inch anterior to EAM, MSP 15 degrees towards IR, IPL perpendicular, AML parallel to IR CR: 15 degrees caudad, exits TMJ closer to IR, 11/2 inches superior to EAM C: 8 x 10

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