Respiratory System

Anatomy and Physiology of the R'system.
1. Nose
  1. Warms, moistens and filters inspired air. Detects smell
2. Phyarynx
  1. Passageway for air and food. Warming and humidifying, taste, hearing, protection, speech
3. Larynx
  1. Protection of sound, speech, protection of lower respiratory tract.
4. Trachea
  1. Support and patency, cough reflex and warms, humidifies, filters.
5. Bronchi and bronchioles
  1. Controls air entry, warming and humidifying, support and patency, cough reflex
6. Alveoli
  1. External respiration, defense against microbes, warming and humidifying
Role of the R'system in maintaining homeostasis
To identify some medical terminology associated with the R'system.
1. Respiration Steps:
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
    1. Process by which gases exchanged between the atmosphere and lung aveoli. Consists of: - Inspiration - Expiration. Air moves due to changes in pressure.
  2. External Respiration
  3. Internal Respiration
2. Pressure V Volume - Boyle's Law
  1. Pressure of gas in a container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container.
    1. IF VOLUME INCREASES, THEN PRESSURE DECREASES
3. Thoracic cavity - size changes
  1. Changes in size of thoracic cavity during inhalation & exhalation. During inhalation, the ribs move upwards and upwards like the handle on a bucket.
4. Control of Respiration
  1. Respiration Centre - Located in the brain stem: - Consists of > Medullary rythmicity centre >Pnumotaxic area > Apneustic area
    1. Regulated by: > cortical influences > chemical stimuli > proprioceptor input > inflation reflex > other influences
      1. Medullary Rythmicity area: - consists of > Inspiratory area > Expiratory area - Controls basic rythm : IN 2 secs, OUT 3 secs
  2. Apneustic area: -located in the pons -Stimulates inspiratory area - prolonged inspiration and inhibition of expiration
  3. Pneumotaxic area: -Located in Pons, -Transmits inhibitory impulses to inspiratory center - Limit duration of inspiration - increased respiratory rate
  4. Regulation of Respiratory Center:
    1. Cortical influences: - Voluntary control of breathing eg helpful in swimming. -Emotional stimuli eg crying
    2. Chemical stimuli: - chemoreceptors monitor levels of 02 and co2. - Central and peripheral chemoreceptors exist. - co2 increase, H+ increase and o2 decreases cause inspiratory center to become active - increased rate and depth of breathing. - Maintenance of homeostasis.

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