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Earthquakes
- Faults
- Fractures on which sliding
has occured
- When one body of rock moves
against another, a polished, slick
surface forms called slickenside
- Slickenside causes a surface with lines and grooves
called a lineated surface
- Fault slip lineations are linear marks on
a fault surface created during
movement on the fault
- Fault slip lineations are linear marks on
a fault surface created during
movement on the fault
- Slickenside causes a surface with lines and grooves
called a lineated surface
- When one body of rock moves
against another, a polished, slick
surface forms called slickenside
- Can cause earthquakes
- Can appear above or
below ground
- Normal
- When the hanging wall moves down
relative to the hanging wall
- When the hanging wall moves down
relative to the hanging wall
- Reverse
- When the hanging wall moves up
relative to the footwall
- When one piece of the Earth moves up or down relative to another, it
exposes a surface between the top of one piece and the middle of the
other. It looks like a stair.
- When one piece of the Earth moves up or down relative to another, it
exposes a surface between the top of one piece and the middle of the
other. It looks like a stair.
- The hanging wall is the block above the fault
line. The footwall is the block below the fault
line
- When the hanging wall moves up
relative to the footwall
- Strike-slip
- When a piece of the Earth's
crust slides sideways relative to another
piece
- If you are facing a piece of land during a strike-slip
fault and it slides to your left, it's called left lateral.
If it moves to your right, it's called right lateral.
- If you are facing a piece of land during a strike-slip
fault and it slides to your left, it's called left lateral.
If it moves to your right, it's called right lateral.
- When a piece of the Earth's
crust slides sideways relative to another
piece
- Gouge is a powder that forms
when faulting crushes the rock
adjacent to the fault
- Breccia are chunks formed
when faulting crushes rock
adjacent to the fault
- Fractures on which sliding
has occured
- Episodes of grand ground shaking
- Caused by the breaking of rock
(faulting) or a pre-existing fault
- Caused by the breaking of rock
(faulting) or a pre-existing fault
- Do not occur instantaneously after the
rock breaks
- Vibrations are what we feel during an
earthquake
- Vibrations: The transmission of
energy from a place where
something breaks
- Provide a means to transmit energy from one
location to another
- Continuous shaking (of the Earth)
- Continuous shaking (of the Earth)
- Provide a means to transmit energy from one
location to another
- Vibrations: The transmission of
energy from a place where
something breaks
- Focus (hypocenter) of an earthquake
- The point within the Earth of which the slip causing
an earthquake happens
- Where the rock breaks and the energy is
generated
- When the energy is generated, it will propagate
outwards in a series of waves
- When the energy is generated, it will propagate
outwards in a series of waves
- Where the rock breaks and the energy is
generated
- The point within the Earth of which the slip causing
an earthquake happens
- Epicenter
- The point of Earth's surface directly above the
focus of an earthquake
- This is where we feel the quake
- This is where we feel the quake
- The point of Earth's surface directly above the
focus of an earthquake
- Stresses can lengthen or shorten rock
- Tension is a force that stretches
the rock and lengthens it
- Compression is a force that squeezes the rock
and shortens its length
- Tension is a force that stretches
the rock and lengthens it
- Earthquake energy passes through rock in
the form of waves
- Body waves travel within solid
rock of the planet
- Compressional body waves (P-waves) are waves in which the
atoms move back and forth, parallel to the direction in which
the overall wave is moving
- Shear body waves (S-waves) are waves in which the atoms
move up and down, perpendicular to the direction in which
the overall wave is moving
- Compressional body waves (P-waves) are waves in which the
atoms move back and forth, parallel to the direction in which
the overall wave is moving
- Surface waves travel along
the surface of the Earth
- Love waves are waves that move in a snake-like motion
(side to side)
- Rayleigh waves are waves that move in an undulatory
motion (up and down)
- Love waves are waves that move in a snake-like motion
(side to side)
- Body waves travel within solid
rock of the planet
- Asperities are little protrusions or bumps in a
surface that keep objects from sliding right off
of the surface
- Only when enough force is exerted on the object will the
asperities break off and allow it to move
- Only when enough force is exerted on the object will the
asperities break off and allow it to move
- To erode is to be carried away by water or other
geologic phenomenons
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