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Sensory systems
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PSYB65 Mapa Mental sobre Sensory systems, creado por andreaarose el 09/12/2013.
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Resumen del Recurso
Sensory systems
Sensory system function
Sensory receptors
Specialized cells that convert sensory energy into neural activity
Receptors are energy filters
Respond only to a narrow band of energy
Transduction of energy
Vision
Light is converted to chemical energy
Uses photoreceptors
Audition
Air pressure waves are converted into mechanical energy, activating auditory receptor cells
Somatosensory
Mechanical energy activates mechanoreceptors
Taste and olfaction
Chemical molecules in the air and food fit into receptors
Pain
Tissue damage releases a chemical that acts like a neurotransmitter to activate pain fibers
Receptive fields
Identify change and constancy
Rapidly adapting receptors
Detect when something is there
Easily activated but stops responding quickly
Slowly adapting receptors
Adapts more slowly to stimulation
Locate sensory events
Part of the world to which a sensory receptor responds
Provides "unique views" for each sensory system
Distinguishes self from other
Exteroceptive
Receptors that respond to external stimuli
Interoceptive
Receptors that respond to internal stimuli
Helps interpret meaning of external stimuli
Optic flow
Stimulus configuration or visual information when we run
Auditory flow
Changes in intensity of a sound b/c of changing location
Neural relays
Message modification occurs here
Gating
Inhibition of sensory information
Can be produced by descending signals from the cortex
Allow sensory interactions
Sensory information gets modified by competing signals from other senses
McGurke effect
Audio of one sound is paired with the visual of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound.
Central organization of sensory systems
Sensory information is encoded by action potentials
Presence of a stimulus encoded by changes in the discharge rate of the neuron
Changes encode stimulus intensity
Qualitative changes encoded by activity in different neurons
How to do we perceive touch as different from sound?
Sensations are produced in distinct cortical regions
Each sensory system has distinct wiring
Synthesia
Mixing of the senses
Learns from experience
Sensory systems are composed of subsystems
Vision
Frontal eye fields
Eye movements
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Daily rhythms - sleep, feeding
Pretectum
Changes in pupil size in response to light
Pineal gland
Long term circadian rhythms
Superior colliculus
Head orienting
Accessory optic nucleus
Eye movement to compensate for head movement
Visual cortex
Pattern perception, depth perception and color vision
Receptor density determines sensitivity
Higher density of sensory receptors leads to increased sensitivity
Two point sensitivity
Ability to recognize the presence of two pencil points close together
Fovea
Increased density of cone cells
Can colour discriminate in bright light
Peripheral retina
Increased density of rod cells
Increased sensitivity for light
Topographic organization
Neural spatial representation of the body or the world
One primary cortical area
Secondary areas
Perform specific aspects of the sensory modality
Senses
Vision
Bipolar cells
Synapse with rods and cones
Sends information to ganglion cells
Ganglion cells
Send axons to the brain
Axons form the optic nerve
Visual pathways
Geniculostriate pathway
Optic nerves leave the eye and cross at the optic chiasm
Right half of each eye's visual field is transmitted to the LH etc.
Next path relays through the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
LGN projects to the primary visual cortex
V1 contains a retinoptic map of the visual field
Helps with pattern recognition and conscious visual functions
Tectopulvinar pathway
Optic nerve leaves the eye to the superior colliculus
Reaches visual areas in the temporal and parietal lobes through relays in the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex of the thalamus
Detects stimuli and helps orient us to stimuli
Hearing
Auditory receptors
Detect the frequency, amplitude and complexity of air pressure waves
Frequency
Pitch
Amplitude
Loudness
Complexity
Timbre
Divisions of the human ear
Outer ear
Pinna and external ear canal
Middle ear
Eardrum and the ossicles
Ossicles = hammer, anvil and stirrup
Inner ear
Oval window and cochlea
Cochlea
Hair cells
Sensory receptor cells
Basilar membrane
Organ of Corti
Tonotopic theory
Different points on the basilar membrane and the cortex represent different sound frequencies
Auditory pathways
Axons of hair cells form the auditory nerve
Projects nuclei in the hindbrain
Axons project to the inferior colliculus then to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
Splits into the primary and secondary auditory cortex
Taste and smell
Taste buds
Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter
Smell receptors
The olfactory epithelium (receptor surface) is made of:
Receptor hair cells
Supporting cells
Taste and smell pathways
Gustatory pathway
Cranial nerves 9, 10, 7 leave the tongue and enter the solitary tract
Projects to SI and SII via the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus
Projects to the amygdala and the lateral hypothalamus
Olfactory pathway
Axons of olfactory receptor relays synapse in the olfactory bulb
Sends projections to the pyriform cortex, the amygdala and entorhinal cortex
Pyriform cortex projects to the orbitofrontal cortex via the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
Body senses
Major somatosensory submodalities
Nocioception
Ability to feel pain
Hapsis
Perception and manipulation of objects with touch
Proprioception
Position of the body in movement
Balance
Somatosensory cortex (SI)
Wilder Penfield
Stimulated the SI and topographically mapped it
Homunculus
Larger areas = higher sensitivity
Vestibular system
Located in the inner ear
Consists of the semicircular canals and the otolith organs
Contains hair cells that bend when we move
Allows us to perceive our motion and maintain balance
Vestibular system pathway
Hair cells project to the auditory nerve to nuclei in the brainstem
Connections to the midbrain and cerebellum
Perception
Experience of transduction of sensory stimuli
Influenced by context
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