HORMONES 1

HORMONES 1

Foundations are the HORMONES AND GLANDS
1. transfer information to cells
  1. Fall into to 2 classes according to structure
    1. - PROTEIN, PEPTIDES, MODIFIED AMINO ACIDS
      1. - STEROIDS
PEPTIDES - majority of hormones
1. HYPOTHALAMUS
  1. ANT AND POST PITUITARY LOBE
    1. PINEAL GLAND
      1. PANCREAS
        PARATHYROID
        GI TRACT
        KIDNEYS
        LIVER
        THYROID T-CELLS
        HEART
2. Secreted from -
AMINES
1. THYROID GLAND
  1. ADRENAL MEDULLA-CATECHOLINES
STEROIDS
1. ADRENAL CORTEX
  1. GONADS
    1. PLACENTAL HORMONES
Endocrine glands secrete more than 20 hormones into the blood
1. affects cells they are genetically programmed to respond to
  1. Hormone levels are influenced by stress, infection, minerals
    1. Once hormones are released they travel to TARGET CELLS
Hormones are derived from-STEROIDS,PROTEINS, TYROSINE(AMINO ACID
1. They become active when bound to specific receptor on target cell
  1. Controlled by NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
THYROID,PARATHYROID,ADRENAL GLANDS
1. Originates in the epithelium on back of tongue, travels to front of neck
  1. Thyroid gland is a vascular organ
  2. Consists of 2 lobes on each side of trachea
  3. The 2 lobes are connected by a band of tissue - ISTHMUS
THYROXINE, TRI-IODOTHYRONINE -contain iodine
1. Essential for life
2. mental and physical development
3. Skin and hair
4. Control of nerve excitability
5. Basal metabolic rate
6. absorption of carbs
7. Influences heat production
8. requires iodine for synthesis
9. 95%thyroxine 5%tri-odothronine
THYROID DISEASES
1. HYPERTHYROIDISM-Too much thyroxine
  1. Graves disease - due to THYROID STIMULATING ANITBODY- cells grow large
    1. HYPOTYHROIDSIM-Too little hormone
      1. If there is an IODINE deficiency-stimulates pituitary to secrete THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE
        Enlarges thyroid gland - GOITRE or IODINE DEFICIENCY GOITRE
2. AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND
  1. Caused by abnormal proteins (antibodies) damage gland
    1. Graves disease and Hashimotos thyroiditis
CALCITONIN - SECRETED BY T-CELLS of thyroid gland
1. Reduces/regulates blood calcium level
PARATHORMONE-Secreted by thyroid gland
1. Level of secretion determined by blood calcium level
  1. Main function to increase blood calcium level
    1. by increasing absorption in small intestine
      1. Works in opposing manner to Calcitonin
PTH and CALCITONIN- Increases renal absorption of calcium, from bones
ALDOSTERONE- mineralcorticoids- secreted by adrenal cortex
1. conserve sodium ions and water
CORTISOL-GLUCOCORTICOIDS-secreted by adrenal cortex
1. Increases glucose levels
2. Hypersecretion - cushings syndrome
3. Addisons disease
  1. Medical emergency 100mg of corticosteroid injection

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