ESL Approaches & Methods

Nota:

• Chamot, A. U. (2009). The CALLA handbook: Implementing the cognitive academic language learning approach. White Plains, NY: Pearson, Longman. Herrera, S. G., & Murry, K. G. (2005). Mastering ESL and bilingual methods: Differentiated instruction for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students. Boston: Pearson Allyn and Bacon.

1. Approach
   1. Grammatical Approach
      1. Direct Method
         1. Focuses on total immersion in L2.
            1. teachers would model and students would practice language patterns
            2. discouraged translation
               1. placed emphasis on context through use of objects, photographs, drawings
            3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QODzJsElHVU
      2. Grammer translation
         1. Development of reading, writing, and grammar
            1. translation not for meaning
      3. Audiolingual
         1. Minimal use of L1, error correction, drills and repetitive practice
      4. In the classroom
         1. memorization
         2. kinetics
      5. teacher centered
   2. Communicative Approach
      1. Sheltered Instruction
         1. Grade-level modified curriculum; student centered on communication and meaningful acquisition of knowledge
            1. In the classroom
               1. Scaffolding
               2. guarded vocabulary
                  1. reduced use of idioms
               3. cooperative learning
               4. hands on activities
                  1. manipulatives, realia
               5. language rich environment
      2. Silent Way-teacher's silence was intentionally designed to encourage student initiative, language production
      3. Natural Way-comprehension preceds production, lanauge production emerages in states, communicative goals should guide instruction, activities designed to lower affective filter
         1. comprehensible input
         2. silent period recognized and respected
         3. foundation for sheltered method of instruction
   3. Cognitive Appraoch
      1. CALLA
         1. CALLA integrates content subject instruction with academic language development and explicit insturction in learning strategies.
            1. In the classroom
               1. Graphic Organizers
                  1. KWL charts, outlines
               2. Self-Monitoring
               3. Making Inferences
               4. Cooperative learning
               5. Questioning for clarification
            2. independent learners
            3. 5 Phases: Preparation, Presentation, Practice, Evaluation, Expansion
            4. Active learners are better learners. Strategies can be learned. Academic language learning is ore effective with learning strategies. Learning strategies transfer to new skills.