4723012
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Mapa Mental por heavenstaar, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por heavenstaar
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Personality
- Nature/Trait
- Distinctive – unique to the person.
Not everyone behaves the same.
Consistency - stable over time and
across situations
- Personality trait is a durable disposition
to behave in a particular way in a
variety of situationsFactor analysis:
mathematical way of finding out which
variables are related to others and
which are entirely different.
- Distinctive – unique to the person.
Not everyone behaves the same.
Consistency - stable over time and
across situations
- McRae and Costa - The Big 5
- The five traits listed below
are dimensions so a person
can be high or low on each
– Extraversion – Neuroticism
– Openness to experience
– Agreeableness
– Conscientiousness
- The five traits listed below
are dimensions so a person
can be high or low on each
– Extraversion – Neuroticism
– Openness to experience
– Agreeableness
– Conscientiousness
- Psychodynamic Perspectives
- Freud’s psychoanalytic theory - Developed
from working with clients who had
psychological disorders •Required lengthy
verbal interactions where Freud probed
deeply into their lives.
- Structure of personality
- Id – inactive operates according to the
Pleasure Principle wants immediate
gratification. Ego – decision making
component and uses Reality principle –
acts appropriately. Superego – considers
what is right and wrong using Morality
Principle (age 3-5)
- Levels of Awareness
- Conscious – what one is aware of at present –
Preconscious - what you could easily bring to
awareness with thought – Unconscious –
thoughts, memories and desires that are well
below the surface of consciousness but
greatly affect behavior e.g. hidden hostility to
a parent
- Conflict
- – Sex and Aggression,
– Anxiety, Defense
Mechanisms
- – Sex and Aggression,
– Anxiety, Defense
Mechanisms
- Conscious – what one is aware of at present –
Preconscious - what you could easily bring to
awareness with thought – Unconscious –
thoughts, memories and desires that are well
below the surface of consciousness but
greatly affect behavior e.g. hidden hostility to
a parent
- Id – inactive operates according to the
Pleasure Principle wants immediate
gratification. Ego – decision making
component and uses Reality principle –
acts appropriately. Superego – considers
what is right and wrong using Morality
Principle (age 3-5)
- Freud’s psychoanalytic theory - Developed
from working with clients who had
psychological disorders •Required lengthy
verbal interactions where Freud probed
deeply into their lives.
- Defense Mechanisms
- Defense mechanisms ward off the resulting
anxiety from these confrontations and are
unconscious.
- •Rationalization: Creating false but plausible
excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour
•Repression: Defense mechanism used to bury
anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings in the
unconscious •Projection: Dealing with
unacceptable feelings or wishes by attributing
them to others Displacement: Diverting
emotional feelings (usually anger) from original
target to a substitute target
- •Rationalization: Creating false but plausible
excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour
•Repression: Defense mechanism used to bury
anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings in the
unconscious •Projection: Dealing with
unacceptable feelings or wishes by attributing
them to others Displacement: Diverting
emotional feelings (usually anger) from original
target to a substitute target
- Defense mechanisms ward off the resulting
anxiety from these confrontations and are
unconscious.
- Psychosexual Development
- Conflicts, memories, urges in unconscious mind come
from experiences in childhood – Emerging
sexuality/pleasure, is the focus of many stages of
development – Each stage has a focus of early
sexuality/pleasure – Failure to move through a stage
properly leads to fixation .
- Conflicts, memories, urges in unconscious mind come
from experiences in childhood – Emerging
sexuality/pleasure, is the focus of many stages of
development – Each stage has a focus of early
sexuality/pleasure – Failure to move through a stage
properly leads to fixation .
- Stages of Psychosexual Development
- • First year: Oral stage – Pleasure comes from sucking,
putting things in mouth –Fixation at this stage can cause
overeating, smoking, nail biting • Second year: Anal stage –
Pleasure comes from retaining or passing feces – Fixation
at this stage can cause excessive neatness or excessive
messiness
- •Ages 3 to 5: Phallic stage – Pleasure comes from self-stimulation of
genitals – Erotic feelings directed towards opposite-sex parent –
Fixation here can cause relationship, sexual problems; also Oedipus
or Electra complex • Ages 5 to puberty: Latency period – Sexual
feelings suppressed; energy directed towards school, social
relationships • Puberty to adulthood: Genital stage – Mature sexual
relationships with opposite sex
- •Ages 3 to 5: Phallic stage – Pleasure comes from self-stimulation of
genitals – Erotic feelings directed towards opposite-sex parent –
Fixation here can cause relationship, sexual problems; also Oedipus
or Electra complex • Ages 5 to puberty: Latency period – Sexual
feelings suppressed; energy directed towards school, social
relationships • Puberty to adulthood: Genital stage – Mature sexual
relationships with opposite sex
- • First year: Oral stage – Pleasure comes from sucking,
putting things in mouth –Fixation at this stage can cause
overeating, smoking, nail biting • Second year: Anal stage –
Pleasure comes from retaining or passing feces – Fixation
at this stage can cause excessive neatness or excessive
messiness
- Behavioural Perspectives
- Skinner’s views • People have consistent ways of behaving because
they had certain experiences in the past that were rewarded or
punished (conditioned). This leads a person to develop response
tendencies according to the situation • Different people respond
differently because they had different experiences in the past
- Evaluating
- Pros • Based on rigorous
research • Insights into
effects of learning and
environmental factors
- Cons •Over-dependence on
animal research
•Dehumanizing nature of
Radical Behaviourism (e.g. no
free will) • Fragmented view
of personality
- Pros • Based on rigorous
research • Insights into
effects of learning and
environmental factors
- Skinner’s views • People have consistent ways of behaving because
they had certain experiences in the past that were rewarded or
punished (conditioned). This leads a person to develop response
tendencies according to the situation • Different people respond
differently because they had different experiences in the past
- Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
- •Bandura agrees that personality is shaped through
learning but states people also make goals, plan courses of
action and regulate their own behaviour. They are not seen
as passive responding only to environmental stimuli •In
contrast to Skinners environmental determinism, Bandura
prefers to see the world in terms of reciprocal determinism.
The environment determines behaviour but behaviour also
affects the environment and both of these affect one’s
personal/cognitive factors
- •Bandura agrees that personality is shaped through
learning but states people also make goals, plan courses of
action and regulate their own behaviour. They are not seen
as passive responding only to environmental stimuli •In
contrast to Skinners environmental determinism, Bandura
prefers to see the world in terms of reciprocal determinism.
The environment determines behaviour but behaviour also
affects the environment and both of these affect one’s
personal/cognitive factors
- Mischel and the Person-Situation Controversy
- •Mischel reviewed research and found much less
consistency of personality than most believe to be
the case.People who are shy in class may be
outgoing at home. Mischel calls this situational
specificity.
- • The person-situation controversy – which determines behavior?
- •Mischel reviewed research and found much less
consistency of personality than most believe to be
the case.People who are shy in class may be
outgoing at home. Mischel calls this situational
specificity.
- Humanistic Perspectivs
- Theory began in the 1950s as a reaction to the ideas of
Skinner who studied animals and Freud who saw behavior
as dominated by animal drives. Humanists felt that neither
school appreciated the unique qualities of human behavior.
- Approach - we must consider a person’s personal
subjective experience to truly understand his/her
behavior. An unattractive person who doesn’t care about
appearance and is sociable will have better relationships
than a person who is unattractive and shy about this.
- Evaluation
- Humanistic theories are credited with highlighting the importance
of a person’s subjective view of reality. They are also applauded
for focusing attention on the issue of what constitutes a healthy
personality. They are criticized for lacking a strong research base,
poor testability, and what may be an overly optimistic view of
human nature
- Humanistic theories are credited with highlighting the importance
of a person’s subjective view of reality. They are also applauded
for focusing attention on the issue of what constitutes a healthy
personality. They are criticized for lacking a strong research base,
poor testability, and what may be an overly optimistic view of
human nature
- Evaluation
- Approach - we must consider a person’s personal
subjective experience to truly understand his/her
behavior. An unattractive person who doesn’t care about
appearance and is sociable will have better relationships
than a person who is unattractive and shy about this.
- Carl Rogers - Person-centred Theory
- •Rogers was one of the founders of the humanistic
perspective in psychology • Founded an approach
called person-centered theory – interested in client’s
subjective view • Roger’s view of the personality was
tied up in the self or the self-concept – beliefs about
one’s own nature, unique qualities and typical
behaviour
- •Rogers was one of the founders of the humanistic
perspective in psychology • Founded an approach
called person-centered theory – interested in client’s
subjective view • Roger’s view of the personality was
tied up in the self or the self-concept – beliefs about
one’s own nature, unique qualities and typical
behaviour
- Theory began in the 1950s as a reaction to the ideas of
Skinner who studied animals and Freud who saw behavior
as dominated by animal drives. Humanists felt that neither
school appreciated the unique qualities of human behavior.
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