Variations In Consciousness

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Pysch 104
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Variations In Consciousness
  1. Nature of consciousness
    1. Variations in Awareness and Control
      1. Mind wandering: refers to people's experience of task-unrelated thoughts
      2. Consciousness and Brain Activity
        1. EEG: is a device that monitors the electical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp
      3. The sleep and waking cycle
        1. Cycling through the Stages of Sleep
          1. Stage1-4: Onset of sleep is gradual
            1. Slow-wave: stages 3 and 4 during high amplitude and low fequency
            2. REM Sleep: Rapid eye movement. deep stage of sleep. vivid dreams
            3. The Neural and Evolutionary Bases of Sleep
              1. Ascending reticular activating system: afferent fibres running through the reticular formation that influence physiological arousal
              2. Doing Without:
                1. Sleep Restriction: substantially less sleep than normal over a period of time
                  1. Sleep Deprivation: deprived of REM sleep
                  2. Other sleep problems:
                    1. Narcolepsy: sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods
                      1. Sleep apnea: frequen, reflexive grasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep
                        1. Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep
                  3. Problems in the Night: Sleep Disorders
                    1. Insomnia: chronic problems in getting adequate sleep
                  4. The World of Dreams
                    1. Links between Dreams and Waking Life
                      1. Lucid dreams: people can clearly think about the circumstances of waking life and the fact that they are dreaming, yet they remain sleep in the midst of vivid dream.
                      2. Theories of dreaming:
                        1. Manifest content consists of the plot of a dream at the surface level. the latnt content refers to the hidden or disguised meaning of the events in the plot
                      3. Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing:
                        1. Hypnotic Induction and Susceptibility
                          1. Hypnosis is a systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility
                          2. Hypnotic Phenomena: Anesthesia, sensory distributions, disinhibition, and posthypnotic
                            1. Theories of Hypnosis
                              1. Social-cognitive theory of Hypnosis: Hypnosis as Role Playing and Hypnosis as an Altered State of Consciousness
                            2. Meditation: Family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control
                              1. Altering Consciousness with Drugs
                                1. Principle Abused Drugs and their Effects
                                  1. Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioural functioning
                                    1. Types: Narcotics, Sedatives, stimulants, hallucinogens, Cannabis, Alcohol, and MDMA
                                  2. Drug Dependence
                                    1. Physical dependence: exists when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness
                                      1. Psychological dependence: when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving for the drug
                                    2. Drugs and Health
                                      1. Overdose
                                        1. Direct effects: Can cause serious health problems
                                          1. Indirect: effects attitudes, intentions, and behaviour
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