Peacekeeping/Making Review

World War 1
1. 1908, Hello, Kaiser Wilhelm
  1. Building Military/Territorial Threat. Drama.
    1. June 1914 Franz Ferdinand Assasination
      1. Gavrillo Princip/ Black Hand
        Local Ethnic Conflicts
      2. A-H issues ultimatum
        Serbia Won't comply
        AH declares war on serbia
        Russia Mobilizes
        Germany Declares war on Russia
        And then France
        Then March through Belgium
        GB Declares War on Germany
        Germany pushes up into France
        Gets stuck at Marne River Valley
2. Triple Entente
  1. Germany
  2. Italy*
    1. Helped Allies
  3. Austria-Hungary
  4. Ottoman Empire*
    1. Whats left, anyway
3. Triple Alliance.
  1. Britain
  2. France
  3. Russia
  4. US*
    1. Joined L8tr
4. TECH
  1. Machine guns, Poisin Gas, Subs, Tanks, Airplanes
    1. Troop life in trenches Sucked
5. Places
  1. Eastern Front
  2. Ottoman
  3. Gallipolli
  4. Italy
  5. Japan
  6. Africa
6. Major Events
  1. 1917 Russian Revolution
    1. Germans ship them Lenin in a locked Box
      1. Bolshevik Revolution
  2. German Sub warfare- Sinking of Lusitania
    1. Zimmerman Telegraph
      1. US Entrance
        German Stalls brings big victories
  3. Wilhelm Abdication
7. PEACE
  1. Treaty of Versailles
    1. ISSUES
      1. Ethnic group land claims
      2. GB and France's desire for Germany to suffer
      3. Italy wants A-H
      4. Treaty concocted by France, Brits, US
      5. Germany not given any say, or options other than acceptance
        Germans lost land, had to pay reparations
        Lost land, military limited
      6. US Senate never ratifies it
  2. Wilson's 14 points
    1. Freedom of seas
    2. New Borders
    3. LON
      1. Allies accept, but US Senate never ratifies treaty, thus US never joined.
Treaties and Players
1. Powerful Nations at end of war: Objectives
  1. US
    1. Prez Wilson
      1. 14 Points
        Self-Determination
        Freedom of Seas
        No Alliances
        No Secret Treaties
        Free Trade
        End of Colonies
        Prevent future wars
        "War to end all wars"
        Safe for democracy
  2. UK
    1. Objectives
      1. Elimination of German fleet
      2. End of German Empire
      3. Get rid of German air power
      4. Return to normal trade
      5. Reparations
        $
        Guilt
      6. No New Alliances
      7. No new land for France
    2. Lloyd George
  3. Italy
    1. Vittorio Orlando
    2. Wanted Land Promised by Treaty of London
      1. "You get land if you fight"
        Dalmation Coast
        South Tyrol
        Trisste
      2. Got nothing: Walked out of Versailles
  4. Japan
    1. Objectives
      1. Recognition of power in Asia
      2. Captured German Islands in the Pacific
      3. Racial Equality Statement
  5. France
    1. SUFFERED LOTS
    2. George Clemenceau
    3. Objectives
      1. Germany to
        Disarm
        Lose Territory
        Major Reparations
      2. Alsace-Lorraine
      3. Rhine Puppet State
      4. Luxembourg
      5. Belgium
      6. Saar Region of W Germany
      7. US/UK Alliance
2. Treaties
  1. 1919 Versailles
    1. With Germany
    2. Billions of Gold Marks in Reparations
    3. No Airforce!
    4. 100,000 Foot soldier limit
    5. Alsace-Lorraine belongs to France now.
    6. No Colonies!
    7. No soldiers in the Rhineland
  2. 1919 T. o. St. Germain
    1. Dissolution of Austrian Empire
      1. No standing Army
      2. Reparations
        Blame
      3. No colonies
      4. No international actions wi/out LON approval
  3. 1919-20 Trianon
    1. Hungary and remains of A-H
    2. Hungary lost 72% of its land
      1. 64% inhabitants lost
      2. 31% of ethnic Hungarians
      3. 1/2 of top ten most populous cities
      4. # socio-politi-economic crises
  4. 1919-20 Neuilly
    1. Bulgaria
    2. Reparations, land, blame, limit army, etc
    3. "2nd National Catastrophe"
    4. Pushes them into Nazi Arms
  5. 1923 Sevres
    1. Former Ottoman Empire
    2. Kingdom of Hejaz recognized.
    3. Armenia becomes a state
    4. Allies took control of Ottoman finances
    5. Navy and army limited. Airforce banned.
    6. France gets Syria, parts of Anatolia, other territories.
    7. Italy gets Dodecanese islands
  6. 1923 Laussane
    1. Follow Up to failed Sevres Treaty
      1. Nationalist revolts in Anatolia
    2. Stop Allies/Nationalists conflict
    3. All borders of modern Turkey but the one with Iraq
    4. Turks relinquish Scraps of Ottoman
    5. Turkish Sovereignity
Geopolitical/Economic Impact
1. WEST
  1. ALL THE NEW BORDERS!
    1. LON Drew borders for economic reasons, splitting up ethnicities.
      1. Polish Corridor splits Germany
        Fueled anti-polish and anti-TOV conflicts
  2. Little Entente (1921)
    1. Fears of Bulgaria
      1. Irridentism
        Desire to recover former territory
    2. Czechloslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia
      1. French support b/cuz Russo-German threat
  3. US
    1. Isolationsim
      1. "return to normalcy"
    2. ALL THE MONIES
      1. Creditor Nation
        Dawes Act
    3. Wilson & Article X
    4. Didn't sign anglo-american Guarantee
  4. Economy
    1. Massive European Debt
    2. German INflation
2. RUSSIA
  1. Soviet Revisionism
    1. Bolshevik Revolution
  2. Treaty of Rapallo
    1. Undermines Versailles, restoring Russian and German Strength
      1. Aims at revising territory
3. MIDDLE EAST
  1. Hussein-McMahon Letters
    1. Brits willing to recognize arab independence
  2. Sykes-Picot Agreement
    1. 1916 UK/FR
      1. Split Middle east into Zones of Influence
        Syria
        Iraq
  3. Egypt
    1. Super Important British Mandate
      1. Suez Canal
    2. Participation in ww1 creates tons of problems.
      1. Food Shortages
      2. Inflation
    3. Denied Participation in TOV discussion of arab states
      1. UPRISING
        Get independence, Lose control of canal to Brits
        Eventual issues with power abuses.
  4. The Jews
    1. Early moves to protect themselves from anti-semetic actions
      1. Including Russia, Romania
    2. Zionist Movement
      1. Jewish Homeland in Israel.
        Wave of immigrants to Palestine
        Rising tensions
        Allies withdrew promises to save face
        Jewish mistrust of Brits
        Buildup of Zionist defenses
      2. British Support
        LON makes Palestine a mandate of GB
        "Hey, wait a minute. You never said anything about this when you needed our help in that war."
LON
1. ISSUES
  1. Lacked superpower support
    1. US
      1. Stronger
      2. Monies
    2. Soviet Union
      1. Conspiracy Theories
    3. Germany
      1. Excluded
      2. Required to follow the rules
  2. Supporter Divisions
    1. France: Suppress German Military Agression
    2. Brits: Concilliatory methods to ease tensions
  3. Lack of Support due to Economy
    1. Depression.
      1. Nobody had any money to spend to help each other out.
        End of idealism.Pessimism
        Manchuria & Abyssinia
      2. Helped Hitler
2. The goal: to resolve disputes with nations in order to preserve peace
3. Success
  1. Aaland Islands
  2. Upper Silesia
  3. Greco-Bulgarian War
  4. The antagonists were small and unwilling or incapable of much damage
4. Failure
  1. Greco-Turkish War
    1. LAND
    2. Allies promise Greece a chunk of Anatolia for a recreation of the Byzantine Empire
      1. Mustapha Kemal/ Turks drive them out.
        Renegotiate treaty with Brits
        Soviets start helping the out with supplies
        Greeks hold ground, seek out LON
        France and GB drop support, leaving them in a bad way.
        Turkey Wins
        France and GB are flaky
  2. Corfu
    1. An Italian General and 3 others were murdered in Corfu (Greek)
      1. Italy: "Retribution!"
        Greece: "Naah"
        Italy: "Suck on this INVASION!"
        Good place for trade, too
        Greece: "LON, they took my stuff!"
        LON: "Italy GTFO"
        Italy: Nope.
        Italy: On Second thought, this place is lame. Give us $$$ and we'll leave.
  3. Seizure of Flume
  4. Vilna
  5. Russo-Polish War
  6. Major powers refuse to comply with the LON
RUHR Crisis/Locarno Springs
1. RUHR CRISIS
  1. Anglo-American Guarantee
    1. US/UK agree to help France out in the event of outside agression
      1. Brits Back out
        Disagreement over German Economy
        French want to destroy it
        Brits want to rebuild it to foster trade.
  2. The Germans missed a reperations timber delivery.
    1. France and Belgium invade and take the region.
      1. Brits were against these actions.
      2. The French wanted to collect the missing payments by taking goods from mines and factories and shipping them to France
        German workers didn't respond well.
        Destroyed goods, mines, factories in protest.
        Violent conflict
        Inflation
        This was pretty bad, and then the Weimar govt. that was in place made it worse by printing more money.
2. LOCARNO SPRINGS
  1. Ruhr Crisis led to new German Chancellor Gustav Stresmann
    1. Denounces violence in Ruhr, announces that Germany would follow TOV.
      1. And also accept current French/Belgian borders
      2. 1925 Locarno Treaty.
        Belgium, France, the UK, and Germany meet and Germany promises to accept TOV
        They'd take the borders they were given, and in exchange, get on the LON
        Step toward reconcilliation, German economic recovery,
        FR/GB can now chill out
        sense of excitement and optimism
        Peace?
        Issues it left unresolved
        Germany had not agreed to an Eastern border
        USSR/ Rapallo
        Britain refused to guarantee the countries to the east of Germany. This led Germany to believe that it could change its Eastern borders with little objection from the allies
        Allied troops left the bank of the Rhine
        The Supervision of Germanys disarmament stopped in 1927
        1930, Germany basically independent
        even though the Locarno Treaty had been successful in bringing about peace, the League of Nations was not strengthened and the collective security remained uncertain
Manchuria/Abyssinia
1. Manchuria
  1. Japan has become an industrial power.
    1. Economy depended on exports, esp. to US
      1. US passes protectionist measures during the depression, hurting Japan.
        Massive unemployment, starvation, and growth of radical groups.
    2. Needed natural resources
  2. China was weak with civil war.
    1. Manchuria semi independent state with own warlord.
      1. Had lots of natural resources
        Japan invades in 1932
        No Chinese or Western intervention.
        "Manchuko"
        China pleads LON for help
        But only LON member who could do something was 5K miles away.
        UK had no interest in Manchuria
        Domestic probs
        LON had given Japan complete control over most naval bases out in the Paciﬁc
        Lytton Commission Report
        Japan used too much force, but they left the situation alone, giving Japan Manchukuo as a puppet state
        Japan leaves LON
2. Abysinnia
  1. Important because
    1. Led to Hitler's rise to power
    2. Collapse of Geneva disarmament talks
      1. German rearmament plans
    3. german withdrawal from LON
  2. Italy
    1. Up and coming nation til Hitler
    2. Had defended TOV when Hitler invaded Austria
    3. South Tyrol
    4. Stresa Front
      1. 1935 agreement (Brits, France, Italy)
        uphold the Locarno Pact and Independence in Austria
  3. Targeted because
    1. expanded ITL colonial holdings
    2. New Roman Empire
    3. Logical land pick
      1. Only bit of Africa left for grabs
      2. oil deposits and a pool of potential army recruits
      3. Began as border conflict with Italian somaliland
        Got to LON in 1945
  4. Response
    1. 51 nations impose sanctions on Italy
      1. Didn't include oil, BB keeps selling it to them
    2. Hoarse-Laval Pact
      1. plan was devised by the French and British foreign minister to settle the Abyssinian crisis and avoid losing Italy as an ally against Hitler
        plan failed due to the lack of public support, mussolini's refusal
        Abyssinia fell to Italy
        Hitler reoccupied the Rhineland, realizing reluctance of FR and GB to intervene.

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