swelling in the leg

anatomy of the thigh
1. muscles
2. femur
  2. ossification
    1. proximal
      1. shaft=7weeks in utero
      2. femoral head=4-6months
      3. greater trochanter=2-4 years
      4. lesser trochanter=puberty
    2. distal
      1. 3-6 months
3. knee joint
  1. anatomy
  2. physiology
    1. flexion
    2. extension
    3. slight medial and lateral rotations
  3. restriction in the knee joint
    1. cartilage injuries and disorders
    2. ligament injuries
    3. tendon injuries and disorders
  4. physical examination
    1. special tests
      1. apley's grinding test
      2. McMurray's test
      3. patellar apprehension test
    2. stability tests
      1. anterior& posterior drawer tests
      2. apley's distraction test
      3. collateral ligament stress test
4. popliteal region
5. femoral artery
causes of leg pain and swelling
1. bone tumors
  1. types
    1. primary
      1. benign
      2. malignant
    2. secondary (metastatic)
      1. route
        hematogenous
  2. osteosarcoma
    1. most common in teens and children
      1. Males>females
    2. site
      1. metaphysics of long bones
    3. management
      1. above knee amputation
        complications
        phantom limb pain
        wound healing
        infections
        wound breakdown
        prognosis
        removes diseased tissue
        prevents spread of cancer
        physiotherapy is needed
        psychological effect
        grief and PTSD
      2. limb saving surgery
        prognosis
        cancer could develop again
        better quality of life
        complications
        infections
        might need more surgery
        using internal prosthesis in growing children
      3. chemotherapy
        cisplatin
        acts like an alkylating agents
        doxorubicin
        anticancer antibiotic
        methotrexate
        folic acid analog
    4. complications
      1. anemia
      2. hematogenous spread
        lung
        prostate
        breast
        brain
    5. radiologically
      1. neo-osteogenesis
        in subperiosteal layer
        codman's traingle
        from the central mass
        sun burst appearance
      2. radioisotope
        used to indicate abnormal conditions
        radioactive traces which emit gamma rays from within the body
    6. skip lesions
      1. tumors nodules growing within the same area of the tumor
    7. prognosis
      1. dependes on
        response to treatment
        age and general health
        location and size of tumor
  3. investgations
    1. WBC count
      1. to rule out inflammation and infection
    2. hemoglobin test
    3. ESR
      1. test for anemia caused by cancer
    4. chest radiograph
      1. to check for metastasis
    5. CT
    6. MRI
  4. histopathology
    1. biopsy
      1. needle
      2. open
  5. causes
    1. inherited gene changes
    2. radiation therapy
    3. paget's disease
2. thigh strain\ injury
3. boil
4. diabetic muscle infarction
5. superficial thrombophlebitis
taking consent
1. a legal requirement and important for the discussion and decision making during the provision of health care servises
2. in case of a minor
  1. the consent is taken fro a substitute giver

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swelling in the leg

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	Creado por yasmin alkhatib hace casi 8 años