Created by Kyla Michie
almost 7 years ago
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Question | Answer |
What are the four main tissue types? | Connective Tissue Epithelium Muscle Nervous Tissue |
Where do you find Epithelium? | Epithelia cover surfaces of the body and line hollow organs. They also form glands. |
How is epithelium found? | Epithelium is found as sheets of cells and vary widely in size and shape. |
Why do epithelium form sheets of cells? | Adhesion between the molecules is strong, thus forming sheets with minimal intercellular space. |
What are characteristics of all epithelium? | All have a basal lamina (basement membrane). All are non-vascular They are mostly polarised. |
What is an organ made of Epithelium? | The Liver |
What are some functions of epithelium? | Mechanical Barrier Chemical Barrier Absorption Secretion Containment Locomotion |
What are the three epithelial cell shapes? | Squamous - Flattened Cuboidal - Cube Shaped Columnar - Column Shaped |
What are the terms for: One Layer Two or more Layers Appears to have multiple layers but all are in contact with basal lamina? | One Layer - 'Simple' Two or More Layers - 'Stratified' Appears to have multiple layers but all are in contact with basal lamina - 'Pseudostratified' |
What is produced by glandular epithelia? | It produces secretory products e.g: Sweat Milk Oil Hormones Mucous |
What are Endocrine glands and what is an example? | They secrete the product towards the basal end and then distribute it through the vascular system. E.g. Anterior Pituitary |
What are exocrine glands and what is an example? | They secrete the product towards the apical end and then into the lumen or into a duct or the body surface. E.g. Large Intestine or Sebaceous glands |
Which of Endocrine and Exocrine are 'ductless' and which is 'ducted'? | Endocrine - Ductless Exocrine - Ducted |
What are the two* types of connective tissue and an example of each? | Soft connective tissue - Tendons, Ligaments, stroma etc. Hard connective tissue - Bone and Cartilage *Blood and Lymph |
What types of cells are found in connective tissue? | Fibroblasts Adipose cells - fat cells Osteocytes - cells of bone Chondrocytes - cells of cartilage |
What are the two types of soft connective tissue? | Loose connective tissue - loosely packed fibres Dense connective tissue - Densely packed bundles of collagen fibres can be regular or irregular. |
Name the properties of cartilage and the most common types. | It is strong, flexible and semi-rigid - due to the semi-rigid nature of the highly hydrated ground substances (GAGs and proteoglycans) It is Avascular There are 3 types: Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage. |
Where is hyaline cartilage found? | Articular surfaces Tracheal rings Costal cartilage Epiphyseal growth plates |
Describe the anatomy of bone. | The outer shell of dense cortical bone makes up the diaphysis. Cancellous/Trabecular bone makes up the epiphyses. Bone is a living tissue, penetrated by small canals for blood vessels and nerves containing Osteocytes. |
What are the three main types of Muscle tissue? | Smooth Skeletal Cardiac |
How do muscle cells produce force? | They produce force by contracting. The cytoplasm is packed with contractile fibres and these are highly specialised. Force is produced by the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres. |
What are two other names for smooth muscle and why is it called this? | Involuntary Visceral It is called smooth muscle as it has no visible striations, involuntary because it can't be controlled and Visceral because it is mostly found in organs. |
What are the characteristics of a smooth muscle cell? | Elongated, spindle shape fibres of around(20-200µm) Cigar-shaped nucleus |
What are two other names for skeletal muscle and why is it called this? | Voluntary Striated Is mostly* the muscles of the body that are under conscious control. |
What are the characteristics of a skeletal muscle cell? | Giant, multinucleated, cylindrical cells The fibres are around (1- 40mm) Elongated nuclei at the periphery of the cell, internal to the membrane - in the sarcolemma. |
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells? | They have not very prominent striations Complex branches of fibres - networks The fibres are around (50-100µm) Single nucleus in centre of fibre Intercalated discs |
What does nervous tissue consist of? | Nervous tissue consists of neurons and their supporting cells (glia). |
What is the ratio of glia to neurons in the CNS? | Glia 10:1 Nueron |
What other tissue surrounds nervous tissue? | Connective tissue coat: Meninges for CNS Epineurium for PNS |
What are the three types of Neurons? | Bipolar Unipolar Multipolar |
What are the four principal Glia of the CNS? | Astrocytes: support/transport Oligodenrocytes: myelin production Microglia: immune surveillance Schwann cells: supports axons |
What is the proportion of white blood cells? | Neutrophils 40-75% Eosinophils 5% Basophils 0.5% Lymphocytes 0-50% Monocytes 1-5% |
What are the characteristic of a neutrophil? | Granulocyte Phagocyte Cytoplasmic granules (don't stain well) Prominent, multi-lobed nucleus Abundant but short lived Circulate in blood but enter tissue when stimulated |
What are the characteristic of an Eosinophil? | Prominent granules Released from marrow and circulate for 8-12 hours then move into tissues Slightly bigger than neutrophils Bi-lobed nucleus Granules contain variety of hydrolytic enzymes |
What are the characteristic of a Basophil? | Very prominent granules Bi-lobed nucleus but obscured by granules Granules contain histamine and heparin When IgE receptors in cell membrane attach to allergen, Degranulation occurs. |
What are the characteristic of a Monocyte? | Small granules Largest circulating blood cell Non-lobulated nucleus - Kidney shaped Are 'wanderers' Kupffer cells live in the liver, Microglia live in the brain etc |
What are the characteristic of a Lymphocyte? | Round nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm No visible granules B cells and T cells Arise in the bone marrow but T cells differentiate in the Thymus |
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