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| Question | Answer |
| Define DIFFUSION | Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. |
| Define OSMOSIS | Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. |
| 3.1.1 State the most frequently occurring chemical elements in living things | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen COHN |
| 3.1.2 State the variety of other elements that are needed by living organisms | Sulfur, calcium, phosphorus, iron and sodium. CPISS |
| Role of Sulphur | Needed for the synthesis of two amino acids. |
| Role of Calcium | Structure of bone and teeth Muscle contraction Transmission of nerve impulses |
| Phosphorus | Is part of DNA molecules and is also part of the phosphate groups in ATP. |
| Role of iron | Component of haemoglobin |
| Role of sodium | Transmission of nerve impulses |
| Define ENZYMES | Globular proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions. |
| Define ACTIVE SITE | Region on the surface of an enzyme to which substrates bind and which catalyses a chemical reaction involving the substrates. |
| Define DENATURATION | Denaturation is changing the structure of an enzyme (or other protein) so it can no longer carry out its function. |
| Define CELL RESPIRATION | Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. |
| Define GENES | a heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic. |
| Define ALLELE | One specific form of a gene, differing from other alleles by one or a few bases only and occupying the same gene locus as other alleles of the gene |
| Define GENOME | the whole of the genetic information of an organism. |
| Define GENE MUTATION | a change to the base sequence of a gene. |
| Define HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES | chromosomes with the same genes as each other, in the same sequence but do not necessarily have the same allele of those genes. |
| In karyotyping, chromosomes are arranged in pairs according to: | to their size and structure. |
| Genotype definition | the alleles of an organism. |
| PHENOTYPE | the characteristics of an organism. |
| Dominant allele DEFINITION | an allele that has the same effect on the phenotype whether it is present in the homozygous or heterozygous state. |
| Recessive Allele | an allele that only has an effect on the phenotype when present in the homozygous state. |
| Codominant alleles: | pairs of alleles that both affect the phenotype when present in a heterozygote. |
| Locus | the particular position on homologous chromosomes of a gene |
| Homozygous: | having two identical alleles of a gene. |
| Heterozygous: | having two different alleles of a gene. |
| Carrier: | an individual that has one copy of a recessive allele that causes a genetic disease in individuals that are homozygous for this allele. |
| Test cross: | testing a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive |
| SEX LINKAGE | when the gene controlling the characteristic is located on the sex chromosome and so we associate the characteristic with gender |
| CLONE | a group of genetically identical organisms or a group of genetically identical cells derived from a single parent cell |
| SPECIES | a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
| HABITAT | the environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism. |
| POPULATION | a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time |
| COMMUNITY | a group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area |
| ECOSYSTEM | a community and its abiotic environment |
| ECOLOGY | a community and its abiotic environment |
| AUTOTROPHS | organisms that synthesize their organic molecules from simple inorganic substances |
| HETEROTROPHS | heterotrophs are organisms that obtain organic molecules from other organisms. |
| CONSUMER | an organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed. |
| DETRITIVORE | an organism that ingests non-living organic matter. |
| SAPROTROPH | an organism that lives on or in non-living organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion. |
| TROPHIC LEVEL | the trophic level of an organism is its position in the food chain |
| 3 FACTORS THAT LIMIT POPULATION INCREASE | - Shortage of resources (e.g. food) - Increase in predators - Increase in diseases and parasites |
| EVOLUTION | Evolution is the cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population |
| PORIFERA - FEATURES | - no clear symmetry - attached to a surface - pores through body - no mouth or anus - example: sponges |
| CNIDARIA - FEATURES | Radially symmetric tentacles stinging cells mouth but no anus example: jellyfish |
| PLATYHELMINTHS - FEATURES | bilaterally symmetrical flat bodies unsegmented mouth but no anus example: tapeworm |
| ANNELIDA - FEATURES | bilaterally symmetrical bristles often present segmented mouth and anus example: earthworm |
| MOLLUSCA - FEATURES | muscular foot and mantle shell may be present segmentation not visible mouth and anus example: slugs and snails |
| ARTHROPODA - FEATURES | bilaterally symmetric exoskeleton segmented jointed appendages example: spiders and insects |
| State SOURCE, SUBSTRATE, PRODUCTS AND pH of AMYLASE | Enzyme: AMYLASE Source: SALIVARY GLANDS Substrate: STARCH Products: MALTOSE pH: 7 |
| Enzyme, Source, Substrate, Products and pH of PROTEASE | Enzyme: PEPSIN Source: STOMACH Substrate: PROTEINS Products: POLYPEPTIDES pH: 2 |
| Enzyme, Source, Substrate, Products and pH of LIPASE | Enzyme: LIPASE Source: PANCREAS Substrate: TRIGLYCERIDES Products: FATTY ACIDS pH: 7 |
| BLOOD COMPOSITION | plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes (phagocytes and lymphocytes) and platelets |
| TRANSPORTED BY BLOOD | nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea and heat |
| PATHOGEN | an organism or virus that causes a disease |
| RESTING POTENTIAL | the electrical potential across the plasma membrane of a cell that is not conducting an impulse |
| ACTION POTENTIAL | the reversal and restoration of the electrical potential across the plasma membrane of a cell, as an electrical impulse passes along it (depolarization and repolarization) |
| NUCLEOSOMES | Nucleosomes consist of DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins and held together by another histone protein. |
| 4 STEPS OF TRANSLATION | initiation, elongation, translocation and termination 5 TO 3 DIRECTION |
| WAYS IN WHICH MINERAL IONS IN THE SOIL MOVE TO THE ROOT | - fungal hyphae (mutualism) - mass flow of water in the soil - diffusion of mineral ions |
| DEFINE TRANSPIRATION | Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the leaves and stems of plants. |
| POLLINATION | The process of pollen transfer from an anther to a stigma |
| FERTILIZATION | The fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete inside the ovule. This forms a zygote. |
| SEED DISPERSAL | The fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete inside the ovule. This forms a zygote. |
| LINKAGE GROUP | A pair or set of genes on a chromosome which tend to be inherited together |
| POLYGENIC INHERITANCE | when a particular phenotype is determined by more than one gene |
| IMMUNITY | having sufficient biological defenses against infection |
| ACTIVE IMMUNITY | immunity due to the production of antibodies by the organism itself after the body’s defence mechanisms have been stimulated by antigens |
| PASSIVE IMMUNITY | is immunity due to the acquisition of antibodies from another organism in which active immunity has been stimulated, including via the placenta, colostrum, or by injection of antibodies |
| BONES | PROTECTION AND STRUCTURE |
| MUSCLES | facilitate the movement of limbs and work in antagonistic pairs |
| LIGAMENTS | hold joints together; they link one bone to another. |
| TENDONS | muscles to bones so that muscle contraction causes movement |
| NERVES | the structures that allow the CNS to control muscles and cause contraction |
| EXCRETION | is the removal from the body of the waste products of metabolism AND consists of ultrafiltration followed by selective reabsorption |
| OSMOREGULATION | is the control of the water balance of the blood, tissue or cytoplasm of a living organism is largely due to the effects of ADH on the collecting ducts and the action of the loop of Henle |
| OPTION D - EVOLUTION ALLELE FREQUENCY | is the frequency of an allele, as a proportion of all alleles of the gene in the population |
| OPTION D - EVOLUTION GENE POOL | All the genes in a interbreeding population |
| OPTION D - EVOLUTION HALF-LIFE | The time it takes for the radioactivity to fall to half of its original level |
| OPTION D - EVOLUTION CLADISTICS | is a method of classification of living organisms based on the construction and analysis of cladograms |
| OPTION D - EVOLUTION CLADE | is a group of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor |
| OPTION G - ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOMASS | Is the total dry mass of organic matter in organisms or ecosystems |
| OPTION G - ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION GROSS PRODUCTION | the total amount of organic matter produced by plants in an ecosysytem |
| OPTION G - ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION NET PRODUCTION | is the amount of gross production in an ecosystem remaining after subtracting the amount used by plants in respiration |
| OPTION G - ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOMAGNIFICATION | is the process by which chemical substances become more concentrated at each trophic level |
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