15691874
Description
Flashcards by E.M. Flood, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by E.M. Flood
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Simply explain the rise of Ancient Egypt. | Hunter/gatherer groups shift into agriculture (irrigation), and were united under King Menes |
| Simple explain the fall of Ancient Egypt. | Egypt grew weak as foreign powers obtained large territories of it, and eventually was conquered by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. |
| List the 8 different social classes of Egypt. | Pharaoh, royal women, government officials, priests, scribes, artisans, peasants, slaves |
| Describe the role of pharaohs. | Head of state/nation/army, and supreme religious leader; was represented as a God; whose word was law; and had many wives/children to ensure an heir |
| Describe the role of royal women. | Grew very powerful in New Kingdom; provided the pharaoh with many children; silently supported husband; made sure palace was running smoothly |
| Describe the role of government officials. | Many roles of government officials; highest officials were buried in the Valley of the Kings to be brought with pharaoh to afterlife; sealed documents detailing property transfers |
| What did the government official vizier do? | oversaw judiciary administration/law system |
| What did the government official chief treasurer do? | collected treasures, taxes, and records |
| What did the government official general do? | organized/trained army, was usually crown prince |
| What did the government official overseer do? | was a common title; managed work sites, construction, and food |
| Describe the role of priests. | Only priests/pharaohs allowed in temples to oversee the gods' needs, but didn't oversee population of Egypt; paid well; many worked part-time; chosen by pharaohs; shaved heads/bodies daily; took cold baths; allowed to wear linens |
| Why were priests important? | If priests didn't do their job the gods would become angry and punish the people of Egypt |
| List some things priests did in the morning. | Break the seal, said their prayers, light incense, wash statue, place fresh clothes and jewels on statue and food/drink near it, sing hymns of praise |
| List some things priests did in the afternoon. | Exited shrine, swept away footprints, and sealed shrine |
| Describe the role of scribes. | They used tools such as red/black ink, papyrus, and brushes; known as basis of government due to their ability to write; wrote down documents; taught students; recorded stacks/foods/wills/magic spells; didn't have to pay taxes; had to be male |
| Describe the role of artisans. | Someone in a skilled trade who made things with their hands; lived in village but financed by pharaoh |
| What are some examples of the tools artisans used? | Axes, chisels, kilms, pottery wheels, palettes, brushes/pens |
| What are some examples of things artisans made? | statues, relics, monuments, engravings, art |
| Describe the role of peasants. | Farmers/laborers; were free but poor; helped build pyramids; lived in mud brick houses |
| Along with slaves, what percentage of the population did peasants make up? | 80% |
| What three seasons did the peasants' lives center around? | Harvest, Flood, Planting |
| When was slavery established? | During New Kingdom |
| What were the 3 kinds of slavery? | Chattel, bonded, and forced |
| Briefly describe chattel slavery. | most were captives of war, some who committed illicit acts, used by rewards given by king |
| Briefly describe bonded slavery. | Egyptians in debt selling themselves in order to release debt |
| Briefly describe forced labor. | Workers drafted for state projects, owned by state, and wage depended on skill |
| Describe the roles of masters who owned slaves. | Were under obligations while owning slaves, and were forbidden to force children into harsh labor |
| Describe the economy when it came to slaves. | Slave dealing was done with private dealers, and transaction with documents and local council |
| Briefly describe the life of a slave. | Held similar lives to peasants; were capable of owning possessions; those in temple estates lived in terrible conditions; chattel/bonded slaves had no wages but got food |
| What goods were taken with Egyptians to the afterlife? | Book of the Dead, food, tools, jewelry, pets, servants, boats |
| Name the 5 parts the soul was supposedly divided into. | heart, shadow, name, personality, vital spark |
| What did the heart represent in the soul? | seat of emotion, intention, and will |
| What did the name represent in the soul? | Egyptians believed they would live as long as the name was spoken/written |
| What did the shadow represent in the soul? | always present on a human and possessed something the body did not |
| What did the personality represent in the soul? | was everything that makes an individual unique |
| What did the vital spark represent in the soul? | the vital spark was the difference between the living and the dead once the spirit leaves the body |
| Who was Horus? | Falcon-headed god of war, descendant of Osiris, and the pharaoh was believed to be given his spot of power by Horus |
| Who was Osiris? | Father of Horus, Lord of the Dead, would weight your heart against the feather of truth |
| Who was Isis? | Wife/assistant of Osiris, protected the organs in the pharaoh's journey to the afterlife |
| Who was Anubis? | Jackal-headed god of embalming, funerals, and mummification |
| Who was Ra? | God of the sun, was king until Horus defeated him |
| Who was Ma'at? | Goddess of justice, truth, and order |
| Who was Hapi? | God of the Nile |
| What was the Book of the Dead? | A collection of spells which would enable the soul of the deceased to navigate the afterlife |
| Who was the vizier? | The second most important role in ruling Egypt; the pharaoh's second in command |
| Define polytheistic. | The belief in multiple gods that were believed to be present in, and in control of, the forces and elements of nature |
| What did the rulers consider themselves? | Gods |
| At what age did Cleopatra become queen? Who was her father? Whom did she marry? | 18; Ptolemy; Cesar |
| Who was Cleopatra's son? Why was he important? | Cesanon; his birth represented vital connections between Rome and Egypt |
| Which family member did Cleopatra marry before Cesar? Which geographical lands did she rule over? | brother; Egypt, Cyprus, parts of Libya and Middle East |
| Why is Cleopatra so well-known? How did she die? | Last Egyptian pharaoh; chose to be bitten by a poisonous snake instead of being sold into slavery |
| When did Khufu rule? Who was his father? Who did he marry? What does his name mean? | during New Kingdom; Snefru, Queen Meritities and Henutsen; "Khnum protects me" |
| What large monument did Khufu create? How tall is it? How long was it the tallest man-made structure for? | Pyramid of Giza; 480 ft. tall; 4000 years |
| How long did the Pyramid of Giza take to build? How many limestones did it take, and approximately how much did each one weigh? | 20 years; 2.3 million limestones; 2-15 tons |
| Who is Ramses II, and why is he so well-known? How many children did he have? | Ruler who took back lost territories, reigned the longest for 67 years, was known as a military genius and for his strength, supposedly ruled during Bible Exodus story; over 100 children |
| Who was King Tut's father? What did he do after his father's rule? How long did Tut rule? | Akhenaten; renewed religion and alliances (repaired damage by father); 8-9 years |
| When was King Tut's tomb found? Why was it a big discovery? | 1922; still held all its riches, allowed archaeologists to learn more about Ancient Egypt |
| Who was Thutmose III? What did he do during his reign? | Considered greatest pharaoh of Egypt; established "Pas Egyptica," period of peace/prosperity; ruled nearly 55 years; first to take advantage of sea during war; built many temples; never lost a battle; captured 350 cities during reign |
| Where was Thutmose III buried? What happened to his mummified body? | Valley of the Kings; mummy not found in tomb but later somewhere else in bad condition |
| Who was Seti I? What did he do during his reign? | reigned from 6-20 years; led campaigns against Syria and Lybia; first pharaoh to meet Hittites in battle; restored/added many buildings |
| What was wrong with Seti I's body? What was discovered about his tomb? | Heart found on wrong side during autopsy; finest tomb found, discovered in 1817 |
| Who was Akhenaten? Why is he so controversial? | started monotheistic religion for only the sun god Aten, making economy, military, and alliances weaken and territories to be taken; moved capital of Egypt from Thebes to Armana |
| List as many Egyptian inventions as you can | cosmetic makeup; papyrus; surgical instruments such as scissors, hooks, probes, copper needles, and medical books; wigs; first police force; black ink; pyramids; mummification |
| What body parts did Egyptians have advanced knowledge of? | brain, heart, lungs |
| What were the 2 types of clocks Egypt used to tell time? | obelisk (using the sun), and a water clock (where water would drip at a constant rate) |
| What was the Egyptian toothpaste made from? | ash, ox hooves, mint, eggshells |
| Why does Egypt have such a large and well known legacy? | First great empire of the world; great prosperity, stability, and culture for thousands of years; many structures still stand; their ideas of religion; people still marvel/have interest in Egypt |
| How were the pyramids constructed? | Pyramid sited with four wooden stakes, site is dug down to bedrock, trenches dug into bedrock, water poured into trenches, tracks made to aid in moving stones, tombs and passageways dug into structure after pyramid was built, limestones smoothed down |
| Who worked on the pyramids? | Slaves |
| What name is used to call the small figures representing servants to serve pharaohs in the afterlife? | Shabatis |
| What is the name of the monster who eats your heart if it is heavier than the feather of truth? | Omit |
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