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| Question | Answer |
| Outline 4 basic requirements for participation in Physical Activity | Fitness - "Ability to meet the demands of the environment without undue fatigue" Ability - Foundation of the learning process and it heredity. Resources - covers 3 areas: Money/People/Equipment Time - time spent out of work - work vs leisure |
| Describe the terms Leisure and Recreation | Leisure - Time away from compulsory activities including eating, sleeping and work. Recreation - Positive active use of leisure time. |
| "Mass Participation" - describe the term and it's positive and negative aspects | Sport for everyone, everyone involved including target groups. + healthier nation/less strain on the NHS - less funding to the elite level performers/country low in world rankings. |
| Define the terms contemporary concern and sedentary lifestyle. | CC - Issues relevant at the current time due to inactivity. SL - A lifestyle predominantly without physical activity. |
| Describe the term obesity and state when a person is considered "Obese". | "A degree of body fat over and above the expected gender norm" 25% over the gender norm considered obese Men 25% body fat Female 35% body fat |
| How can "Obesity" be prevented? | Exercise - GP referral scheme/ 60 mins daily/ 2 hours of PE a week/ increasing energy output so it is more than energy input. Diet - less saturated fats in a more balanced diet/ decreasing energy input/ less LDL and more HDL. |
| Describe CHD and state its association with a sedentary lifestyle. | Result of the accumulation of fatty deposits forming plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients. The pathways become clogged with the plaque and restricted. Atherosclerosis. SL - inactive therefore blood is not flowing around the body to help remove the plaque. CHD is a hypokinetic disorder - a disorder relating to inactivity. |
| What is diabetes and explain its 2 types. | "Inability of the body to insulin" Type 1 - insulin dependent/heredity/young people Type 2 - non insulin dependent/ environment changes/ lifestyle/ older people |
| Explain "Blood pressure" | "force exerted by blood on the arterial walls" Systolic - highest BP - contraction phase Diastolic - lowest BP - relaxation phase |
| State the values for high BP | 140/90 |
| Explain what might cause a person to experience high cholesterol | diet - high in saturated fats and no exercise/ increase in LDL and decrease in HDL weight - overweight through lack of exercise will increase LDL family history - more at risk if inherited Age - risk rises with age Sex - men affected more than women alcohol - risk rises with over the recommended amount. |
| Describe the essential and non essential cholesterol in the body | LDL - less protein in relation to fat/bad cholesterol/non-essential/lodges in walls of the arteries (plaques) causing arteries to narrow (atherosclerosis). HDL - more protein in relation to fat/good cholesterol/ essential/helps prevent atherosclerosis by blocking the movement of LDL/ aids transport to the liver for removal |
| Explain Metabolic Syndrome and how it relates to other contemporary concerns | "combination of medical disorders" Links CHD, diabetes, abdominal obesity with insulin resistance. Some people develop a resistance of their muscles to the action of insulin/ not enough glucose is carries to the cells to enable them to work properly. Increased risk of CHD and type 2 diabetes which are both CCs. |
| Define cholesterol | A substance produced from fatty foods, particularly from a diet high in saturated fats. |
| Access and opportunity barriers preventing people from participating in PA. | Gender/ social class/ ability/ disability/ age/ race/ethnicity |
| explain stress | stressors - events that provoke stress body responds by activating the nervous system and production of hormones adrenal gland - stimulated to produce more adrenaline hormone & cortisol released into blood stream these hormones have a number of effects of the body "Fight or flight" enhance ability to perform well under pressure/causes problems when its over/ reacts or fails. |
| Explain "Sport for ALL" | set up in 1972 increase opportunities/develop facilities/educate the public - health Became "Sport for all" in 1974 combat target groups in the community |
| define exercise | a physical activity that produces a positive psychological response and adaption. |
| What are the benefits of exercising for health? | CV - slows degenerative diseases/lowers LDL-C/ increases HDL-C / BP Respiratory - slows decline in V02 max / long durations Body composition - burns excess fats Skeletal - improves elasticity of carillage / increases bone density neuromuscular - sustains strength and coordination skills psychological - reduction in anxiety improves self esteem |
| what are the benefits of exercising for fitness? | energy metabolism - total intake of food is sufficient to supply enough energy to: keep cells alive/keep systems working/meet the demands of life. basal metabolic rate - least rate of energy usage to carry out the basic bodily functions. Male - 100kJ/day Female - 90 kJ/day Total metabolic rate - sum of BMR + energy required for all daily activities + SDA SDA - specific dynamic action/ extra rate of energy expenditure due to deigestion/absorption of nutrients and transport of nutrients/ 10% of energy value of food. |
| What is considered a good rate of fat loss? | 1-2 lbs a week losses more permanent calorific restriction used to reduce body mass |
| What are the main energy providers for the body? | Fats - insulation/low-intensity energy/some soluble and some insoluble Carbohydrates - two types; simple & complex/ high intensity fuel source/ aids the utilization of fats as an energy source. Proteins - made from amino acids;essential and non essential/required for growth and repair/ acts as a last resort energy source |
| What are the non-energy providing nutrients? | Water - involved in almost every bodily function/ major body component/ primary role thermoregulation and transport. Minerals - aids vitamin absorption/ provides structure for bones and teeth/ essential in many bodily functions/ includes calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and sodium. Fibre - no calories/ vitamins or minerals exist and it is not digested/ essential for healthy bowel function/ soluble ad insoluble. Vitamins - required to facilitate psychological functions/ fat soluble and water soluble. |
| What two ways are there of controlling energy intake? | physiological and psychological factors |
| Physiological Factors | Hunger Stomach digests food every 4-5 hours/ once emptied stomach sends message will be sent to the brain hunger is initiated by: gastric constriction, absence of nutrients in the small intestines, lower concentrations of gastro-intestinal hormones the stomach can adapt to what it is exposed to. |
| Psychological | Appetite results from sight, smell or thought of food can be brought on from: boredom, anxiety, grieving, celebrate, time of date, availability and variety of foods, stress |
| Carbohydrates | CHO sugars/rice/pasta/bread absorbed as glucose in small intestines immediate energy source transported around body as blood glucose excess stored as liver glycogen and fat |
| Fats | Source: butter/oil/pastry/fried food secondary energy supply absorbed in small intestine as glycerol stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue transported to liver via blood - converts to glucose 20% |
| Protein | Source - meat/milk/cheese/nuts absorbed in small intestine as amino acids growth and repair of tissues used as energy source when depleted fat/CHO 10% |
| Vitamins | source- animal and dairy products/fruit/veg needed for all physical functions regulate metabolism facilitates energy release bone formation and tissue synthesis 5% |
| Minerals | Source- veg/fruit/fish/nuts aids vitamin absorption 5% |
| Water | 72% muscle weight 50% of adipose tissue aids blood transportation of nutrients lubricates joints 5 litres per day |
| Fibre | source: wholegrain/veg aids gastrointestinal functioning 20-40g per day |
| What are the 3 main elements required by the body to ensure survival? | Water, Oxygen and Heat |
| How much of the body is made out of water | 2/3 |
| What will happen if there's too much heat in the body? | Too much or not enough heat will result in death. The importance of not overheating can be understood when the body gives away water and its essential for our physiological processes. |
| define hydration | your physiological state of optimum water balance |
| define dehydration | a state where the body does not have optimal water balance and so is not functioning to full ability. |
| what do scientists define dehydration as? | Fluid losses greater than only 1% of body weight. |
| What are the 4 areas where we lose most water? | urine output, skin and lungs respiration, sweat, blood |
| 3 signs of dehydration | thirst, headache, fatigue |
| 5 main functions of water in the body | 1) saliva and gastrointestinal secretions - helps digestion 2) helps transport O2 and nutrients in the blood to all cells 3) helps lubricate joints and cushion organs and tissues in body fluids 4) water carries waste products out of the body in urine 5) removes body heat generated during exercise in sweat |
| Effects of severe dehydration | nausea, chills, increased HR, inability to sweat, light-headed, cells detonate water to essential organs, organs begin to sut down. |
| When will dehydration become fatal? | 9-12% body weight is lost because of water loss. |
| How many glasses of water per day would a sedentary adult living in a temperate climate require? | 8 average-sized glasses |
| 2 main factors affecting how much water you need | exercise and climate |
| How much water per calory burnt | 1ml |
| What is an electrolyte? | A mineral soluble in bodily fluids and associated with cell membrane electrical potential. e.g. sodium, potassium, chlorine/ |
| How do popular recreations reflect their social setting? | They were localised due to lack of transport They had lots of potential space - there were few boundaries as we were a rural country they were often violent due to a lack of rules. |
| How was rational sport a reflection of society post Industrial Revolution? | leagues established due to intense populations/ ability to travel limitation of player number due to lack of available space need for written rules due to number or teams and ability to travel stadia created to house spectators |
| what was the role of oxbridge universities in the development of sport. | initiated rationalisation of rules initial codification of sport early establishment of NGBs diffusion of sport across country |
| define commercialisation | the use of sport as a commodity in order to generate income through other marketing opportunities such as advertising and sponsorship. |
| define americanisation | a term given to the influence of AMERICAN CULTURE NORMS AND CUSTOMS in other than American sports in every aspect of sports around the world (win at all costs) |
| examples to support Americanization of sport has occurred. | sport moving from a leisure activity to an industry need to win becoming all important - cheating - deviance tv rights for events adopting nick names naming rights for stadiums frnachises increase in players |
| How did the Olympics 1976 and 1984 contribute to the commercialization of sport. | 1976 Montreal, cost of hosting games led to city going bankrupt LA governments refused to pay for them encouraged sponsorship from private companies e.g. MacDonals hamburger games sold festoon to sponsors sold tv rights games made huge profit blueprint for future sporting events |
| Link between deviance and commercialisation | define deviance and commercialisation refer to 1984 LA games and montreal 1976 Uberroth president of og growth of deviant behaviour commercialisation relies on sport generating money increased pressure to succeed forms of deviance growth of sport as commodity challenge that there was already deviance before these games |
| Key sport holy calender | new year - start of sporting season plough monday - 1st monday after xmas shrove tuesday - feb 17th 2015 - shrovetide football may day - may 1st men chased women whitsuntide - 7th sunda after easter dancing and games/ |
| what is an invasion game? | a sport in which a player or team has to invade the opposing teams territory |
| What is the IOC | international olympic commitee |
| Define codification | the creation and maintenance of the rules and regulations |
| What is rational sport | rati development of the NGBs to standardise rules and regulations |
| Who established the Coltswold Olympicks | Robert Dover |
| Who was Baron de Coubertin | Made modern olympics to: develop health required to defend country integrated populations and brought people together |
| Who was the first president of the ioc | Demetrius Vikelas |
| When was the first olympics | Athen 1896 |
| What is a boycott | Withdrawl of participation (normally to make a political statement) e.g. USA and USSR 1960 ans 1988 |
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