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| Question | Answer |
| Augustus (Octavian) | -Ruler of Rome (r. 31 BCE- 14 CE) -regime of principate (1st citizen) -Pax Romana (brought order to Rome; expanding but not with military force) -Imperator (power over military ; commander in chief) |
| Trajan | -successor of Augustus (r. 98-117) -associated w/ conquests of the late republic & ushering in of the Pax Romana ("Roman Peace") -Trajan's column= propaganda use of sculpture which depicts his campaigns in Dacia |
| Virgil (70-19 BCE) | -The Aeneid (story of Aeneas) *brings about 1st principate w/ Augustus & relation to Venus w/ cupid present in the Portrait of Augustus as Imperator* |
| Juvenal (about 60- 140 CE) | -wrote satire that was bitter/ sarcastic while denucing all behavior/ thought outside the civilized norm -16 satires of his express his outrage over the follies over the empire |
| Cicero (106-43 BCE) | -translated Greek treaties into Latin -also wrote extensively on law/ politics -High public official in Rome, but never achieved concordia ordinum ("the concord of the orders") or peace and understanding among Rome's warring factions |
| Tacitus (about 55- 117 CE) | -famed orator/ politician of the Silver Age in Rome -stressed human responsibility in his writings |
| Marcus Aurelius | -Roman emperor/ stoic philosopher -Military Man/"soft-heart" (i.e.: Equestrian Statue of...-> Act of clemency w/ his hand raises as to stop the horse from trampling man beneath *Power & merciful/ a softie*) -Meditations -> became a masterpiece of stoicism after death -"if a divine plan guides the universe, then he must accept it; if, however, the world is ruled by chance, then a well-regulated mind is the best defense." |
| King Herod (Herod the Great) | -ruled 37-4 BCE -rebuilt Jerusalem -responsible for constructing the Western/ Wailing Wall & 2nd Temple |
| Hadrian | -Roman emperor -Constructed the Pantheon (a place for all Gods) which symbolizes the height of consturction during his reign (1) interior= Earth (2) Dome= Heaven (3) Oculus allows for light/ rain to come in (experiences of the earth) -expanded territories of the empire |
| Constantine | -Comes to power through a military battle *The Arch of Constantine celebrates this* -Edict of Milan (312)= grant of toleration of all religions, specifically Christianity -straddles both sides of the fence of being the face of the empire & his faith, Christianity. *Arch of Constantine depicts this -begins building Christian churches (shift in what a basilica means/ looks like) |
| Ibn Khaldun | -wrote histories on Islam (i.e.: Maqaddima or Prolegomena) where he examines ancient societies & I.D.s their characteristics/ stages of evolution -Offers a theory for explaining the rise/fall of civilizations: as they decay, social bounds weaken, & it falls victim to a more vigorous ppl from outside its frontiers (This is a cycle) |
| St. Augustine (354-430) | -greatest influence on Christianity out of all of the father's of the church -Wrote The Confessions & The City of God (1) Confessions: spiritual autobiography where Augustine outlines his remorse for living a "sinful, sensual life" before his conversion. (2) City of God: Traces the slow redemption of the City of Man (the realm of sinful humans) by the City of God (the realm of the redeemed) |
| Epicurus (about 342- 270 BCE) | -Greek philosopher/ thinker -began Epicureanism (in keeping life simple, you will, therefore, find happiness -> included maintaining only friendships; withdrawing from the trying cares of the world; keeping wants simple, no excessive desires; resistance of fame, power, & wealth; freedom from fear, as in fear from the gods bcuz they didn't care about humans and death bcuz when it did happen, atoms would simply separate from the body to make up new forms) |
| Alexander the Great | -Hellenistic ruler from Macedonia -Destroyed/ looted great centers of Eastern civilization, but also found new cities/ spread Greek culture -political propaganda w/ his image (of his face): (1) disheveled/long/loose hair; (2) mouth slightly open ("liveliness"); (3) Head slightly turned (always "on alert"); (4) Intense gaze -Battle of Issos -> depicts Alexander as having no fear (not wearing armor nor a helmet like Darius or his soldiers, his gaze is not fearful, etc) |
| Eumachia | -Poor origins, but married into a higher family -matron of concordia -priestess of Venus -donated $ (This led to the erection of a statue out in front of the Fullers in the Roman forum of her) |
| Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) | -Ruler of Roman Republic (Rep= 509-27 BCE) -general who undertook conquest of Spain/ Gaul -Adoptive father of Augustus (led to his being able to rule later) |
| Muhammed | -Prophet (father) of the Islamic faith -Flee (Hagira) from Mecca after proclaiming Allah as the 1 true God & condemnation of the Kaaba for its depictions of pagan deities) -prophecies make up the Qur'an (only written down after his death) |
| Abraham | -viewed as the "father" of Judaism -patriarch figure of the Hebrews -moved his family to Canaan bcuz of a covenant w/ God (if you obey my divine demands, I will protect your family and ensure prosperity to your offspring) |
| Aeneas | -mother is Aphrodite/ Venus & father was related to Trojan royal family -Escaped Troy after Mycenaeans captured it & wandered for many years until he came to Latium where Rome would rise -married the king's daughter & his descendants were Romulus & Remus, Romulus offing his brother and later founded Rome |
| Diocletian | -Roman emperor who instituted the tetrarchy (rule by 4) -Divided empire into 2 halves, East & West, which was ruled by an Augustus and subordinate Caesar. *Diocletians Tetrarchy, ca. 300. depicts the concordia of the tetrarchy in the 4 rulers touching each other.(Seniority is conveyed thru the Augustuses having beards) |
| Rumi (1207-1273 CE) | -gifted poet produced by Persian-speaking region of the Islamic world -Sufi mystic that influenced Muslim ascetic thought/ writing & Turkish religious life |
| St. Peter | -religious figure -St. Peter's basilica erected over where the martyrs remains are supposed to be when Constantine was erecting these churches (cruciform layout & clerestory construction) |
| Theocritus (310-250 BCE) | -Alexandrian poet -created the pastoral poetry form (describes the lives of shepherds/ farmers in a somewhat artificial/ idealized way) -wrote idylls (offer small portraits, or "little pictures" as Greeks put it or "vignettes", of Hellenistic life) -> reveal much about everyday affairs - love, family, religion, & wealthy, for example. |
| Titus | -propaganda use of sculpture -i.e.: Arch of Titus *March of the Legions -> depicting army's victory march into Rome following their victory in the Jewish War (66-70 CE) |
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