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Description
Flashcards by Jana Gallagher, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jana Gallagher
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Intraspecific relationships | between individuals of the same species. |
| Interspecific relationships | between individuals of different species |
| Territory | The area an animal will defend |
| Home range | The area an animal will search for food, mates and nest sites. |
| Ecological niche | The sum total of an organisms requirements and its inter-relationship with other organisms in the community. |
| Agonistic | any social behaviour related to fighting, such as aggressive or submissive. |
| Mutualism | A relationship where both species benefit. |
| Exploitation | (Parasitism, predation) a relationship where one species is harmed and the other benefits. |
| Competition | A relationship where both species are harmed. |
| Batesian mimicry | the resemblence of a harmless or palatable species to one that is dangerous or poisonous. |
| Mullerian mimicry | several poisonous or dangerous species that all have similar warning coloration patterns. |
| Kin Selection | favours altruistic (self sacrificing) behaviour towards relatives. An individual will sacrifice its own opportunity to reproduce for the benefit of a close relative. |
| Monogamy + advantages | One partner- Does not have to expand energy trying to find a new mate, more energy to invest in protection and feeding the young so survival rate increases. Once the breeding pair have bred their first offspring, they are experienced. |
| Polygamy + advantages | More than one partner- Increased genetic diversity within the population, means the population are more likely to survive changes in the environment, and pass on their genes. If a mate dies then they can acquire a new mate next breeding season. |
| r-strategists | no parental care with large numbers of young, relies on a few young to survive to adulthood. |
| K-strategists | large amounts of parental care, very few offspring produced and parents spend a lot of time and effort raising the young. |
| Commensalism | occurs when one species benefits and the other is unaffected. |
| Allelelopathy | reduces competition in plants by producing chemicals that inhibit growth of other species.A |
| Antibiosis | when one species is harmed and one species is unaffected. |
| Group formation- Advantages | Increased chance of finding food through hunting. Easier to find a mate. Greater protection from predators. Protection from physical factors. Greater learning opportunities. Division of labour. Safer to navigate when migrating. |
| Group formation- Disadvantages | Increased competition between group members for resources. Increased chance of spread of diseases. Interference with reproduction. |
| Courtship Behaviour | Ensure two animals are the same species, attract a mate, trigger ovulation in some cases, synchronise the release of gametes, suppress aggression, help select the 'best' mate, initiate nest building in some animals. |
| Parasitism | Exists at the expense of the host, feed off the host without killing the host. 4 types: Ectoparasites (live outside the body), Endoparasites (live inside the body), Social parasites (exploit the host e.g cuckoos) Plant parasites. |
| Stratification | A vertical pattern, typical in many plant communities. |
| Zonation | A horizontal pattern e.g Rocky shore. |
| Succession | A pattern seen over time, interspecific competition is a contributing factor. 2 types: Primary (occurs in an environment that has previously not supported life) and Secondary (occurs on land that has previously supported life). |
| Plant responses- Tropisms | Growth response of a plant towards or away from a stimulus coming from one direction. Photo, Geo, hydro, chemo, thigmo. |
| Phototropism mechanism | Auxin is produced in the shoot tip (apical meristem), When light is shone on the seedling the auxin travels to the darker side, resulting in a higher concentration of auxin on the darker side. The auxin then promotes cell elongation resulting in upwards growth towards the sun. |
| Geo/Gravitropism mechanism | v |
| Nastic responses | The movement of a plant in response to a non-directional stimulus. They are fast in comparison to slow growth responses (tropisms). |
| Rapid leaf movements | When leaves of sensitive plants are touched they drop down and the leaflets fold together, this is a thigmonasty and is a response to either animal herbivory or if in a windy situation prevents water loss. |
| Sleep movements | Leguminous plants such as beans lower their leaves in the evening and raise them to horizontal in the morning. |
| Animal orientation responses | Taxis, Kinesis, Homing, Migration. |
| Taxis | Movement of a whole organism towards or away from a stimulus coming from one direction. |
| Klino-taxis | Klino-taxis: Moving its body side to side e.g Negative phototaxis. Tropo-taxis: Stimulus detected by simultaneously by receptors on both sides of the body e.g Negative geotaxis. Telo-taxis: lame. |
| Kinesis | THe change in rate of movement of the whole organism in response to the change in intensity of a non-directional stimulus. |
| Types of Kinesis | Orthokinesis: The speed of the movement is related to the intensity of the stimulation e.g Slaters move faster in bright light and slower in dim light. Klinokinesis: The amount of random turning is related to the intensity of the stimulation. e.g Flatworm turns more frequently in increasing light. |
| Homing | The ability of an organism to find its way home over unfamiliar territory. |
| Migration | The annual, mass movement of organisms from an area where they breed to an area where they do not breed. |
| Navigation methods | Visual Clues, Magnetism (animals have a magnetic compass), Sun Compass (movement of sun), Chemical navigation (involves taste or smell), Sound. |
| Biological rhythms | Influenced by abiotic factors, environmental cues such as day length, timing and height of tides are used by plants and animals to establish and maintain a pattern of activity. |
| Daily rhythms | Linked to the day/night cycle, Nocturnal, Diurnal , Crepuscular. |
| Tidal rhythms | 1 tidal cycle = 12.4 hours, caused by the rise and fall of tides. |
| Lunar rhythms | 1 lunar cycle = 29 days, linked to the changing phases of the moon. |
| Annual rhythms | 1 year cycle= 365 days, result in change in temp or day (night) length. |
| Compound rhythms | lame. |
| Biological clocks | Prediction of and preparation for events in the environment e.g storing food reserves for hibernation. Synchronization of social activities, migration, reproduction and some internal processes. |
| Exogenous Rhythms | A direct response to the environmental cues and are not internally controlled. |
| Endogenous Rhythms | Controlled by internal biological clocks, they continue in the absence of environmental cues, however the period may change slightly from what happens in the natural environment. |
| Zeitgeber | Environmental cue that resets the biological clock so that it is synchronised with the environment, it acts as a time keeper. |
| Entrainment | This is when the internal clock is reset to take up the period. |
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