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| Question | Answer |
| The Milky Seas | ((video)) |
| What are common traits humans have with eukaryotes | cell membranes and ribosomes common metabolic pathways semiconservative DNA replication DNA as genetic material DNA transcription and translation |
| What is monophyly | genetic similarity |
| What are characteristics of prokaryotes? | unicellular/colony/biofilm lack organelles binary fission circular DNA plasmids |
| What are the nutritional categories of prokaryotes? | photoauto/heterotroph chemoauto/heterotroph |
| Almost all cell walls of bacteria contain this. | Peptidoglycan, a polymer that produces mesh-like structures around the cell |
| What are the 8 groups that nucleotide sequence data has divided bacteria? | Low-GC Gram+ "Firmicutes" High-GC Gram+ "Actinobacteria" Hyperthermophiles "Heat lovers" Haldobacteria Cynobacteria Spirochetes Chlamydias Proteobacteria |
| How do Firmicutes get their name? | from low ratio of GC to AT in DNA |
| Which two groups of bacteria are extremophiles | Hyperthermophiles Hadobacteria |
| Which bacteria group became the first photosynthesizers and became important players in the Green Revolution? | Cyanobacteria "blue-green algae" |
| Which bacteria moves by axial filaments? What are axial filaments? | Spirochetes; motor proteins connect the axial filament to cell walls that enable corckscrew movement |
| Which bacteria is among the smallest? | Chlamydias |
| What is the largest group of bacteria? | Proteobacteria |
| What are some species of Proteobacteria and what can they cause? | Escherichia coli =is one of the most well-studied proteobacterium on earth Yersinia pestis = bubonic plague Vibrio cholera = cholera Salmonella typhimurium = GI disease Agrobacterium tumefaciens = infects plants “Crown Gall” |
| What two groups are Archaea classified into? | Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota |
| What three groups of Archaea have been recently discovered? | Korarchaeota Nanoarchaeota Thaumarchaeota |
| What are characteristics of all Archaea | Absence of peptidoglycan Presence of lipids of distinctive composition in the cell membranes |
| What are ester linkages and where are they found? | O=C-O-C Eukaryotes and Bacteria |
| What are ether linkages and where are they found? | C-O-C Archaea |
| What can we deduce that the last common ancestor of the 3 domains had? | DNA as genetic material Machinery that transcripted and translated RNA proteins Likely had circular chromosome |
| What caused the differences in the 3 domains? | billions of years of mutations natural selection genetic drifg adaptation |
| What are microbiomes? | Microbial communities |
| What are Koch's Postulates? | 1. The microbes are always found in individuals with the disease 2. The microbe can be taken from the host and grown in pure culture 3. A sample of the culture produces the same disesase when injected into a new healthy host 4. Newly infectd host yileds a new pure culture of microbes identical to those obtiained in #2 |
| Why is viral ecology poorly known | Tiny genome size makes phylogenetic study difficult Rapid mutation rates cloud evolutionary relationships No fossil record High diversity |
| How are viruses grouped by? | by several functionally similar groups based on genome structure |
| What is "Phage Therapy" | extraction of bacteriophages from the stools of infected patients to treat viral infections |
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