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Flashcards by thashali.anthony, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by thashali.anthony
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Glycaemic Index | ranking of the effect on blood glucose of a food of a certain carb content relative to an equal amount of carb from a reference food such as white bread or glucose |
| Refining | processes which change or remove various components of food |
| Bran layers | protective outer layer of whole grains; good source of vitamins and fibres |
| Germ | embryo or sprouting portion of a kernel of grain; good source of vegetable oils and vitamin E |
| Endosperm | largest portion of kernel of grain; mostly starch (some proteins) serves as a food supply for the sprouting seed refined grains such as corn flakes/rice krispies are made of endosperm & are mostly starch |
| Enriched Vs. Fortified | Fortified or enriched grains are grains to which specific amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and iron have been added; since 1998 folic acid has also been added to enriched grains |
| Photosynthesis | chlorophyll in plant leaves use energy from sunlight to combine CO2 from the air + H20 from the ground to form glucose + release oxygen |
| Simple Carbohydrates | - sugars; mono- and di- saccharides - sometimes refined/high GI |
| Complex Carbohydrates | glycogen, starch and fibre; monosaccharides linked together in straight or branching chains; sometimes starchy foods or sugars in their "natural" state such as whole fruit |
| Oligosaccharides | 3-9 sugar units |
| Polysaccharides | ≥ 10 sugar units: starch + dietary fibres |
| Major dietary monosaccharides | Glucose: fruits, vegetables, HFCS Galactose: not present in foods Fructose: fruits, vegetables, HFCS |
| Hydrolysis Rxn Vs. Condensation Rxn | a large molecule broken into two smaller molecules by addition of water vs. two molecules joined to form a larger molecule and water is released |
| Major Dietary Disaccharides | Sucrose (glucose-fructose); fruits, vegetables + table sugar Maltose (glucose-glucose); germinating seeds formed during starch digestion Lactose (glucose-galactose); milk + milk products |
| Types of Polysaccharides | Glycogen Starches (Amylose + Amylopectin) Fibre (Cellulose) |
| Carbohydrate storage in animals | (100-200g) in liver released into bloodstream; (200-400g) in muscle for muscle's own use; stored w/ water (1 g carries 5-10 g of H20); not found in foods |
| Raw starch in plants | packed in granules: semi-crystalline structures, resistant to digestion |
| Gelatinization | cooking in moist heat; (starch granules swell w/ water, crystalline structure disrupted, molecules disperse + become entagled (viscous), gelatinized starch is rapidly digested) |
| Retrogradation | cooling cooked starch; molecules partially re-associate; formation of resistant starch |
| Dietary Fibre | polysaccharides + lignin not digested by human enzymes found intact in plant foods |
| Functional Fibre | isolated indigestible carbohydrates shown to have beneficial physiological effects in humans |
| Total Fibre | sum of dietary fibre + functional fibre |
| Soluble Fibre | dissolves in water or absorbs water to form viscous solutions; usually is readily broken down (fermented) by colonic microorganisms; includes pectins, gums + some hemicelluloses |
| Insoluble fibre | does not dissolve in water; usually is incompletely fermented in the colon; includes cellulose, some hemicelluloses + lignin |
| Digestibility | available CHO (absorbed in small intestine) unavailable CHO (enters the colon) |
| What causes Lactose Intolerance? | - low levels of intestinal lactase; needed to digest lactose (sugar found in milk) - more common in non-Caucasian populations |
| What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance? | if lactose is not digested in small intestine, passes through to large intestine -> gas, pain and diarrhea |
| What is the treatment for lactose intolerance? | reduce/eliminate dietary lactose (cheese low in lactose, lactose-free milk and non-dairy milk substitutes) |
| How does one get CFG's recommended 2-3 servings of milk + alternatives per day if lactose intolerant? | - if not too severe; divide milk servings into smaller portions and spread them throughout the day - consume foods like tofu, fish and vegetables; - consume calcium-fortified foods, milk treated with enzyme lactase and lactase tablets |
| Cellular Respiration/Aerobic Metabolism | glucose metabolized to generate energy 38 molecules of ATP/glucose molecule |
| How many calories in each gram of carbohydrate? | each gram of carbohydrate = 4 kcal |
| How do RBC get their energy supply? | they rely ONLY on glucose |
| Why CHO for intense exercise? | oxidation of carbohydrates produces 6.3 ATP per oxygen whereas oxidation of fat only produces 5.6 |
| Gluconeogenesis | synthesis of glucose from simple, noncarbohydrate molecules; amino acids from protein are the primary source of carbons for glucose synthesis |
| Regulation of Acute Glycaemic Response (Internal + External Factors) | Internal Factors: nature of monosaccharide, amount consumed, rate of absorption External Factors: liver, hormones secreted by pancreas |
| Glycaemic Load | an index of the glycemic response that occurs after eating specific foods, calculated by multiplying a food's glycemic index by the amount of available carbs in a serving of the food |
| Glycaemic Index Vs. Glycaemic Load | GI = 100 X F/G; qualitative (independent of amount of CHO) GL = g x GI/100; quantitaive; relects CHO quality + quanttiy (glycaemic impact of 1g glucose) |
| Regulation of Blood Glucose (Insulin Vs. Glucagon) | steady supply of glucose necessary for cells; concentration regulated by liver + hormones secreted by pancreas; increase in blood glucose levels = insulin decrease in blood glucose levels = glucagon |
| Insulin | produced by Beta cells of pancreas; increases glucose uptake by liver + muscle; stimulates storage of glucose as glycogen in liver + muscle; overall effect of lowering blood glucose |
| Translocation of GLUT4 Transporter | SEE TEXTBOOK |
| Glucagon | produced by alpha cells of the pancreas; stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose; stimulates gluconeogenesis (production of glucose from AA); overall effect = raises blood glucose |
| Blood glucose response elicited by 80g HFCS | plasma glucose removed as quickly as half and hour after intake, even undershoots baseline (we can't regulate insulin as quick as we want) |
| Fuel Use: Fasting | SEE TEXTBOOK |
| Fuel Use: Postprandial | SEE TEXTBOOK |
| Availability of Carbs + Fatty Acid Metabolism | When carbohydrates are unavailable, fatty acids are converted to ketones which are used for energy, excreted urine or accumulate in blood |
| Abnormal Blood Glucose | 1. Low blood glucose (hypoglycaemia) 2. High blood glucose (diabetes) |
| Symptoms of Hypoglycaemia | - irritability, nervousness - sweating - anxiety, shakiness, rapid heart beat - hunger, weakness - headache - seizure, coma |
| Diagnosis of Hypoglycaemia | must demonstrate low blood glucose in presence of symptoms |
| Types of Hypoglycaemia | Overtreatment of diabetes (imbalance b/w insulin/medication & food/exercise) Reactive hypoglycaemia (in response to consuming CHO/treatment is small frequent meals, low sugars, high protein/fibre) Fasting hypoglycaemia (insulin secreting tumour) |
| Symptoms of Diabetes | - excessive thirst - frequent urination (glucose in urine) - blurred vision - frequent infections (skin, vagina, urinary tract) - poor wound healing - pain or numbness in feet/legs |
| Type 1 Diabetes | insulin deficiency due to destruction of insulin-secreting cells by the body's own immune system; usually develops in children & adolescents; accounts for 5-10% of all cases of diabetes; requires insulin injections |
| Type 2 Diabetes | reduced insulin sensitivity/secretion; usually occurs in middle-aged/elderly people (most are obese); account for 90-95% of all cases of diabetes; due to inability to produce sufficient insulin to overcome insulin resistance |
| Gestational Diabetes | high blood glucose first occurring during pregnancy |
| Diabetes Diagnosis | diagnose by high blood glucose levels by fasting or by after eating |
| Diabetes Complications: Micro-vascular disease | - retinopathy (eye damage) - nephropathy (kidney failure) - neuropathy (nerve damage - pain/numbness) |
| Diabetes Complication: Macro-Vascular Disease | - heart attack (MI)/heart failure - stroke - poor circulation in legs/feet - infection |
| Is tight control of blood glucose necessary? | SEE TEXTBOOK |
| What is intensive insulin therapy? | 3-4 injections per day or insulin pump (combination of long- and short- acting insulins) insulin dose based on carb counting, blood glucose monitoring 3-4 times per day |
| Endocrinological Feedback Loop | |
| Causes of Type 2 Diabetes | |
| What is Gestational Diabetes? Prevalence? | high blood glucose first occurring during pregnancy; due to placental hormones which causes insulin resistance; higher prevalence in Aboriginal populations; all pregnant woman screened for GDM |
| Risks associated with Gestational Diabetes (Maternal) | Caesarean delivery; pre-eclampsia; birth trauma; diabetes after delivery |
| Risks associated with Gestational Diabetes (Infant) | stillbirth, birth defects; macrosomia, shoulder dystocia; diabetes in adulthood |
| Treatment of GDM | INSULIN |
| Diabetes Treatment | goal is to reduce risk for complications by controlling blood glucose, lipids & BP + managing body weight treatment includes combination of diet, exercise and if necessary medication (oral or injected) + regular examination of eyes, kidney function and feet |
| What is a diabetes diet? | - normal "healthy" diet" - use of a divided plate to control portions - advice to limit simple sugars & choose starchy goods, whole grains, milk, fruit & low fat meat & dairy products |
| Recommendations for CHO | - RDA for carbs is 130g/day for adults + children; minimum amount of glucose used by the brain - AMDR for carbs is 46-65% of energy - sources should be unrefined + no more than 25% carbs consumed should come from added refined sugars - CFG recommends Canadians choose foods w/ little or no added sugar |
| Nutritive Sweetners | contains 4 kcal energy per gram; sugar, fructose, honey, brown sugar, sugar alcohols, high fructose corn syrup |
| Non-nutritive Sweetners | provide little or no energy; acceptable daily intakes (ADI) have been established by HC for saccharine, acesulfame-K, aspartame, sucralose |
| Soluble Fibre | pectin, gums, mucilages found in legumes, fruit, oats, barley increase/decrease metabolic effects |
| Insoluble Fibre | lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose; fibrous vegetables, wheat, rye, corn increase/decrease stool bulking |
| Medical uses of fibre | - laxative - irritable bowel - diverticular disease - lowering cholesterol - lowering blood glucose |
| Actions of fibre in GI tract | |
| Dietary fibre | adequate intake (AI) for fiber is 14 grams for every 1000 kcal in diet (38g for men, 25g for women) most canadians eat only 14-21 grams of fiber eating whole grain foods, fruits, vegetables, and legumes daily will increase your fibre intake |
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