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| Question | Answer |
| Define Memory | a group of related and interacting processes that enable us to acquire, retain and retrieve information |
| what are the three basic processes of memory? | encoding, storage and retrieval |
| define encoding | the process of converting information into a form (or code) that can be represented and retained in memory |
| Define Storage | the process of retaining (or keeping) information in memory so it can be used at a later time |
| Define Retrieval | process of locating and recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it |
| What are the two things retrieval involves? | recall and recognition |
| Define recall | recall is information you have to retrieve with few or no cues (e.g. an essay test or extended response in exam) |
| define recognition | involves correctly identifying or selecting previously learned information from a set of alternatives (required to answer multiple choice). RECOGNITION IS EASIER THAN RECALL |
| Define Automatic Encoding | easy to recall even though you made no effort to encode it. Usually information related to your location in space and time (e.g. location of family care or when you last ate) |
| Define Effortful Encoding | needed to store and retail all information that is not automatic. often requires considerable concentration and some additional mental effort, especially if information to be retained is complex or very boring. |
| What is another name for Information Processing Model of Memory? | Stage Model of Memory |
| Define Information Processing Model of Memory | theory that describes memory as an information processing system with three separate, but related, stages involving different types or subsystems of memory |
| Three kinds of memory stages? | sensory memory, STM, LTM |
| How do stages of memory differ | duration, capacity and function |
| define sensory memory | initial stage of memory system that provides temporary storage for incoming 'raw' sensory information for up to several seconds, long enough for us to pay attention to and 'select' it for furthur processing |
| When does sensory memory fade away | when we do not pay attention to it |
| capacity of sensory memory? | limitless |
| define sensory registers | subsystems of sensory memory that store sensory information (one for each type of sensory information we receive) |
| T/F, sensory memory is never under our conscious control, nor can we consciously hold onto a sensory memory? | True |
| Adaptive function of Sensory memory? | Selective Attention, you focus your mental resources on only a part of sensory information your sense organs pick up, thus controlling what is sent to STM for further processing. |
| 2 most researched sensory registers? | Iconic and Auditory sensory systems |
| what causes deja vu? | when a glitch occurs in initial processing of info in sensory memory, the fault is quickly rectified and info is reprocessed so that it seems like events are being replayed. |
| Official name for visual sensory register? | Iconic |
| duration of iconic sensory register? | 1/3 of a second |
| scientific term for photographic memory? | Eidetic memory |
| define eidetic images | exact replicas of visual images that persist over time without losing detail (mostly children and young adults) |
| define echoic memory | the sensory memory registers for auditory sensory information |
| Why is echoic memory called echoic? | called echoic because sounds remain for a short while just like an echo |
| duration of echoic memory? | stores info for 2 to 4 seconds |
| Echoic memory helps us...? | understand language and communicate |
| What would happen if you did not have selective attention? | it would cause you to be stressed, confused and prevent you from taking actions related to protecting you |
| What is touch register and what is it's duration? | tactile sensory memory 1-2 second storage duration |
| Define Short Term Memory | the memory system that receives and consciously encodes new information from sensory memory and receives info from LTM for temporary use. It holds all the info you are currently thinking about (or consciously aware of) |
| Storage duration of STM | retained effectively for 6 seconds, declines at 12 second and GONE after about 20 seconds |
| how can memory be retained in STM? | by conscious effort of mental rehearsal (e.g. repeating pone number to yourself) |
| Another name for STM? why? | called "working memory" because it provides a place where our minds can work with info obtained from sensory memory or LTM |
| Example of when STM is used? | understand meaning of sentence or add up change needed for drink (remember item cost, retrieve addition rules from LTM, keep count of change you've picked up) |
| STM capacity | George miller found capacity was 7 plus/minus 2 |
| t/f, when all available space is taken additional storage room is available only if other info is disgarded? | True |
| How can you hold more info in STM? | Chuncking |
| Define Chucking | STM storage incresing method that involves clustering smaller bits info into larger, more meaningful chunks of info |
| Examples of chucking | Abbreviations (SACE), arranging single digits into dates, automatic chucking when we arrange letters into words |
| 2 ways short term memories are lost | Displacement- when there is not enough space Decay of memory traces- over time |
| Define rehearsal | the process whereby something is consciously done to retain in memory |
| 4 ways to rehearse | vocal rehearsal, sub-vocal rehearsal, verbal rehearsal, non-verbal rehearsal |
| define vocal rehearsal | involves repeating information out loud |
| define sub-vocal rehearsal | involves repeating it in your head |
| define verbal rehearsal | rehearsal that uses words |
| define verbal rehearsal? | does not use words and may involve images |
| 2 types of rehearsal | Maintenance and Elaborative |
| Define maintenance rehearsal | involves repeating information in a rote fashion without adding meaning to it |
| What is Maintenance rehearsal effective in? | holding on to info in STM and, provided rehearsal process is not interupted info can be kept in STM indefinitely |
| Define Elaborative Rehearsal | rehearsal that involves reorganizing new and existing information in a meaningful way to aid storage and retrieval. you flesh out the concept by providing details that explain it more fully and link it to your personal experience. |
| Example of elaborative rehearsal | when trying to remember definition of extraneous variable you could note that the word contains the word "extra" |
| What is Elaborative rehearsal more effective at? | Encoding information into LTM (but it is also requires more effort) |
| Define Long Term Memory | the memory system that stores huge amounts of information for considerable amounts of time |
| Is info lost in LTM? | Most psychologists believe LTM is not lost just less and less easy to access over time. |
| Storage duration and capacity of LTM? | limitless |
| 2 kinds of LTM systems? | Procedural, declaritive |
| Define procedural memory | our memory of HOW to perform different actions, operations and skill. Easy to demonstrate but hard to describe in detail |
| Examples of Procedural Memory | Sending texts, threading a sewing, doing a slam dunk, baking a cake |
| Define declarative memory | our memory of facts of THAT we can consciously recall and easily communicate (declare). Knowing THAT. |
| Example of Declarative Memomory | number of legs on a spider, order of planets |
| 2 types of declarative memory | episodic and semantic |
| Define episodic memory | is the declarative memory that stores events (episodes) involving personal experiences. Involve context (where and when) and the state (psychical and psychological condition) that person was in. |
| Example of episodic memory? | first day of school |
| Define Semantic Memory | is the declarative memory system that stores information about the world. Including general knowledge, word meanings, rules and specific knowledge |
| Examples of semantic memory | declarative memory system that stores information about the world |
| examples of semantic memory | knowing the sun is a star, "i" before "e" except after "c", buses are a form of transport etc. |
| t/f, in semantic memories context and state memory was formed is not necessarily remembered? | true |
| How is info organised in LTM? | info is CLUSTERED and ASSOCIATED |
| do people take longer to recall info alphabetically or sequentially? | people take longer to remember info alphabetically |
| Define clustering | organizing items into related groups (or clusters) during recall (e.g. grouping foods, animals, etc.) |
| Define association in terms of LTM | Association is logically linking information to other bits of information |
| Example of association | linking red and apple |
| Define Semantic Network Theory | the theory which proposes that information is stored as groups of concepts (or nodes). These nodes are meaningfully linked and form parts of overlapping networks |
| How is info retrieved from LTM according to Semantic Network Theory? | Particular sections of LTM are accessed to explore concepts that are grouped there |
| what prompts the activation of specific memories stored in LTM and then activates other concepts that are linked to that? | A question |
| t/f the more closely concepts are linked, the faster retrieval will be? | True |
| Define everyday memory | functional memory of things that occur in everyday life (especially info important to our needs and info) |
| Why is info associated with emotion more likely to be remembered? 2 reasons. | 1. amygdala is activated, causes adrenalin and thus glucose to be produced which stimulates brain activity 2. emotionally charged events are frequently rehearsed |
| Proof that STM and LTM are 2 separate and distinct systems | Serial positioning effect and brain damage (some one can lose STM but still have working LTM and vice versa) |
| Define Serial Positioning Effect | when item at beginning of a list are recalled best, followed by items at the end with middle items being the least likely to recall |
| What is the shape of Serial positioning effect graph? | U |
| define primacy effect | better recall of items at start of list as they have had sufficient time to be encoded in LTM |
| define recency effect | better recall of items at the end of list because they are still held in STM |
| when aren't items in middle forgotten in the Serial Position Effect? | when items are interesting or unusual |
| How does Brain damage show LTM and STM re separate and info is transferred between them | damage to hippocampus can result in normal functioning STM but unable to transfer info into LTM. Also the consolidation theory |
| define the consolidation theory | proposes that physical changes in brain neurons occur following learning to consolidate, or secure, the new information in memory. |
| What happens when consolidation process is interfered with? | memory loss occurs |
| how long is to-be-consolidated info prone to disruption? | 30 mins |
| define A Level of Processing Theory of Memory | Craik and Lockhart propose there is only one memory store beyond sensory registers and the distinction between STM and LTM is a matter of degree. level at which we process info determines how well it is stored. Levels are shallow, intermediate and deep. |
| levels of Level of Processing Theorry of Memory | shallow, intermediate, deep |
| Define shallow processing | involves encoding of superficial perceptual info |
| define intermediate processing | is when stimulus is recognized and named |
| define deep processing | encoding meaning into info |
| Why are Eyewitness Testimonies Inaccurate? | memory can be fallible, limited and open to distortion. Info that is encoded is only a snapshot and providing additional details may distort recollection. the way a question is asked can also distort recollection. emotion and stress cause less attention to be paid to peripheral details. info mentioned after may be integrated. |
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