MCDB 101B: Midterm 1-1

Question	Answer
Tree of Life	Family tree for all living creatures, past and present Evol. relationships among all living creatures Closer branches more related Base - primordial cell (1st cell) 3 Kingdoms: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes	Membrane-bound organelles Nucleus (mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes) Fungi, plants, worms, insects, animals, humans (Usually multicellular)
Genetics	Study of biologically inherited traits Traits of an organism resembles parents, family, species, etc Is a science - uses scientific method
Classical Genetics	"Mendelian" Before we knew DNA was basis of genetics/molecular mechanism Formal language of genetics; does not specify molecular details Arose from animal/plant breeding
Molecular Genetics	Describe in terms of molecular mechanism
Modern genetics	Encompasses both classical and molecular genetics
Genes	Basic unit of heredity encodes a protein Alleles - different forms of a gene
Genome	Entire set of hereditary instructions "all your genes" + sequences that regulate genes Entire genetic material of organism Consists of all genes in an organism as well as "information" on regulation of genes
Genotype	Identity of the genes (genetic constitution) in an individual Specifies "form" (allele) of genes
Phenotype	Observed traits
Environment	Outside world in which the organism lives
Goal of genetics / Fundamental Law	Goal - understand the relationship between genotype, phenotype, and environment Phenotype = Genotype + Environment Sometimes, genetic contribution to phenotype is negligible (Phenotype determined by environment) Most of the time, both genotype and environment contribute to the phenotype
Mutation	Any heritable change in a gene Mutation in sperm/egg - passed on Change alters DNA sequence Any mutation that alters the AA sequence of a protein can impair its function
Wild-type	"natural" or "common" gene (or protein or organism)
Mutant	gene (or protein or organism) containing a mutation
CCR5 Gene	Subpopulation that wasn't getting infected by HIV - had 32bp deletion in CCR5 Co-receptor for HIV entry into cell HIV uses CCR5 receptor to get in the cell 32bp deletion can't express receptor so immune to HIV Phenotypic trait is HIV positive or HIV negative
Book of me	in 10-20 years all genomes will be sequenced 6 billion characters 2 million pages 46 "chapters" - 23 chrom from mom/dad Compare to mom - 23 ch same 20,000 paragraphs - genes
Discrete / Continuous trait	Discrete - don't change over lifetime Continuous - change over lifetime (ex: height)
Mendel experiment	focused on discrete traits crossed pure breeding round and wrinkled F1: all round pure breeding yellow x green F1: all yellow F2: (3 yellow: 1 green) Reciprocal cross showed same results Hypothesized 2 alleles for each gene, diploid-two versions of each gene gamete - has one of alleles (haploid) F1 - heterozygous for pure breeding One allele is dominant with respect to phenotype
Reciprocal cross	sexes of parents are reversed from previous cross with respect to trait
Self-cross	mating with oneself
Mendel's 1st law	Principle of segregation Each member of a gene pair is equally likely to be found in a gamete Explained by meiosis
Mendel's 2nd law	Principle of Independent Assortment In the formation of gametes, the segregation of any pair of alleles is independent of the segregation of other pairs of alleles exception: two genes on same chromosome and "close" together
Addition rule	Mutually exclusive "A or B"
Multiplication rule	independent events occuring together "A and B"
Test cross	crosses between dominant phenotype (homozygous or heterozygous) with recessive phenotype (homozygous recessive) to determine genotype of dominant phenotype
Dihybrid Cross	heterozygous for 2 genes crossed produces 9:3:3:1 (if genes independently assorted)
Gamete box	used to find which gametes are produced For 3 genes, make 1st gamete box, then cross with 3rd genes

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MCDB 101B: Midterm 1-1

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	Created by Phil Nosrat almost 10 years ago