4966712
Description
Flashcards by Laura Perry, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Laura Perry
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is reproductive cloning? | Cloning where the clone cell is used to reproduce a whole living organism |
| What is non-reproductive cloning? | Cloning where only part of organism is reproduced, rather than a whole living organism |
| What is a natural clone? | A clone which occurs through nature, such as identical twins. |
| What is an artificial clone? | A clone which occurs due to human interaction, rather than naturally. |
| What is vegetative propagation? | Asexual reproduction within plants. Plants reproduce following damage (such as Dutch Elm disease). In two months the tree produces root suckers from meristem tissue in their lower trunk where the least damage has occurred. These root suckers then become fully grown trees. |
| How are artificial clones of plants produced from tissue culture? | Explants are taken and sterilised using alcohol and then placed on agar containing nutrients, which forms a callus. The high auxin and cytokinin concentrations cause growth in both the roots and shoots, and adjusting these concentrations changes growth. Then transfer to green house. |
| What are the advantages of plant cloning in agriculture? | Quick, produces disease free crops, uniform plants, reproduce hard to grow/ infertile, easily transported, doesn't matter what season |
| What are the disadvantages of plant cloning in agriculture? | Plants are genetically identical so disease would spread quickly, it's an expensive process, can fail due to microbial contamination, no genetic variation. |
| How are artificial clones of animals produced? | Nuclear transfer- nucleus from differentiated cell is placed in an un-nucleated egg. The cell then goes through development. The embryos can then be split, each producing identical organisms. |
| What are the advantages of cloning animals? | High value animals can be cloned in high numbers. Rare animals can be cloned to be saved. Genetically modified animals can be quickly reproduced. |
| What are the disadvantages of cloning animals? | There is a lack of animal welfare. Genetic uniformity means they may be unable to cope with changing conditions. We don't yet know if cloned animals have a normal life span. |
| What is an explant? | A cutting taken from a plant, such as roots, buds, stem or leaf. |
| Biotechnology (definition) | The industrial use of living organisms (or parts of living organisms) to produce food, drugs or other products. |
| What are the advantages of microorganisms in biotechnological processes? | Penicillin |
| What is the lag phase? | When an organism is adjusting to it's new surrounding, taking in water or nutrients. The cells are active but not reproducing so populations remain fairly constant. |
| What is the log phase? |
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