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| Question | Answer |
| Epistemology | Deals with the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge - States that knowledge entails beliefs, one's statement of belief cannot conflict with one's knowledge |
| Propositional Knowledge (Epistemology) | Can be thought of "knowledge that" as opposed to "knowledge how". e.g. it is knowledge that 1+1=2 |
| Personal Knowledge (Epistemology) | Personal knowledge is gained experimentally e.g. The theoretical knowledge of the physics involved in maintaining a state of balance when riding a bike cannot be substituted for the practical (personal) knowledge gained when practising |
| Tenacity (Epistemology) | Accept as truth ideas that have been around a long time, or have been repeated over an over again e.g. Everyone knows the world is flat and if you go too far you'll fall off the edge |
| Intuition (Epistemology) | Knowledge is gained without effort, and without the sensory systems e.g. Woman's intuition, psychic or religious revelation |
| Authority (Epistemology) | Knowledge is derived from others who are presumed to have direct access to truth e.g. How many teeth does a horse have? Either look it up in Aristotle or look in the horse's mouth... everyone knows its better to get it straight from the horse's mouth |
| Rationalism (Reason) (Epistemology) | Knowledge can be gained through the reasoning (logical) process alone e.g. Socrates is a man, all men are mortal, therefore Socrates is mortal |
| Empiricism (Epistemology) | Knowledge is gained through our sensory mechanisms "I won't believe it unless I see it" e.g. The sun will rise tomorrow |
| Science (Epistemology) | Combines the methods of rationalism and empiricism, knowledge is gained through systematic observation, agreed methodology, sceptical analysis and verification of all claims e.g. Discovery of the genetic code |
| Common Sense | Is often based on rationality and direct observation, but in many ways it is "non-scientific" |
| Karl Popper | Developed the idea of falsifiability as a criterion for scientific validity |
| Truth | The account of facts which has as yet not been proven to be untrue |
| Inductive Process | Reasoning from particular to general e.g. Scientists may observe instances of a natural phenomenon and derive a general law (inductive) |
| Deduction Process | Reasoning from general to particular e.g Start with a theory and look for instances that confirm this (deduction) |
| The Scientific Method | Involves collecting data in a controlled, objective way; and then developing theories on the basis of that evidence, using induction and deduction |
| Hypothetico-deductive Method (i.e. The Scientific Method) | 1. Observe regularities 2. Develop a theory 3. Develop a prediction 4. Test the prediction 5. Evaluate the theory |
| Experimental Control | Is used to ensure that the only thing varying in an experiment is what we want to vary |
| Operationism | Unobservable factors have observable consequences, so we can measure the unobservable by measuring the consequences |
| Operational Definition | A definition that specifies the operations of measurement, if the operational definition is not reliable then the association between variables is equally unreliable |
| Artefacts | Are unwanted effects in psychology studies that influence people's behaviour, typically come from either the participants or the investigators |
| Participant Artefacts | Come about because participants try to guess what a study is about, and change their behaviour accordingly |
| Experimenter Artefacts | Come about from the features or behaviour of the investigator. There are several types of experimenter effects: Observer, interpreter, intentional, expectancy |
| Reification (Issue) | Occurs when we develop a measure that seems successful, and assume our original construct actually exists: it may not |
| Design of Measures (Issue) | An issue to the extent that someone has to choose what counts when measuring something |
| Multi Measures (Issue) | A given construct can be measured in many different ways |
| Primary Analysis | The analysis of data from a single study to test the hypotheses originally formulated |
| Secondary Analysis | The re-analysis of data from a single study to test new hypotheses or to apply more appropriate statistical procedures to test the original hypotheses |
| Meta-Analysis | The application of statistical procedures to examine tests of a common hypothesis from more than one study "The analysis of analyses" Attempts to apply to a collection of studies the same methodological rigor and statistical precision ordinarily found in primary research |
| Aggregating Studies | Aggregation simply requires that we convert each study outcome to a standard metric. It provides an overall test of the common hypothesis |
| Thomas Kuhn | Makes the argument that science is not hewn from falsification but is learned by scientists becoming familiar with the successful applications of theory... it is learned by example |
| Paradigm | Is a body of language, shared precepts, theory and methods |
| Scientific Paradigm | Involves a scientific theory with significant explanatory and predictive power |
| Anomaly Accumulation | Instances which the theory fails to explain, or can only explain by postulating ever-more embellishments |
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