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Description
Flashcards by Shueb Shah, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Shueb Shah
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| ENZYMES | ENZYMES |
| What is an enzyme? | Enzymes are biological catalysts. Enzymes are also proteins that are folded into complex shapes that allow smaller molecules to fit into them. The place where these substrate molecules fit is called the active site. |
| What is a catalyst? | A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up. |
| What happens to an enzyme if the temperature is too high? | When the temperature is too high the enzymes unique shape changes. This means it cannot work anymore because an enzymes shape is essential to its function. |
| What do digestive enzymes do? | Digestive enzymes catalyse the breakdown of larger food molecules into smaller ones. |
| "Digestion is the only role played by enzymes in the body". Why is this incorrect? | Enzymes also control all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells as well as help the digestion of foods. |
| ENZYMES & DIGESTION | ENZYMES & DIGESTION |
| Which enzyme breaks down proteins and where is it produced? | Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids. It is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine. |
| Why is the stomach acidic? | The stomach is acidic because the optimum pH for the protease enzymes to work is pH 2 and to kill bacteria. |
| What does the pancreas do? | The pancreas produces protease, lipase, and amylase to be released into the small intestine. |
| What does bile do? | Bile neutralises the acid from the stomach, providing alkaline conditions in the small intestine. This is optimal pH (just below 7) for enzymes in the small intestine. |
| What happens in the small intestine? | In the small intestine, protease, lipase, and amylase enzymes are produced. Digested food is absorbed into the blood here. |
| Where is amylase produced? | Amylase is produced in the salivary glands, the pancreas, and the small intestine. |
| ENZYMES & RESPIRATION | ENZYMES & RESPIRATION |
| What is energy released during respiration used for? | 1) To build larger molecules from smaller ones. 2) To allow muscles to contract in animals. 3) In mammals and birds, to keep the body temperature steady. 4) In plants, to build sugars, nitrates, and other nutrients into amino acids, which are then built up into proteins. |
| What is the word equation for aerobic respiration? | |
| What is aerobic respiration? | Aerobic respiration is the process of releasing energy from glucose using oxygen. It takes place continuously in plant and animal cells. |
| EXCERSISE | EXCERSISE |
| How does Increasing heart rate during exercise provide more energy to the muscles? | 1) An increased heart rate provides increased blood flow to the muscles. 2) This increases the rate of which glucose and oxygen are delivered to the muscles. 3) More oxygen and glucose in the muscle tissue allow the rate of aerobic reaction to increase. 4) This provides more energy for the exercising muscles. |
| What is anaerobic respiration? | Anaerobic respiration is the incomplete breakdown of glucose when there is insufficient oxygen for aerobic respiration. It produces energy and lactic acid. |
| Why is there an oxygen debt after anaerobic respiration? Why does it need to be repaid? | There is an oxygen debt after anaerobic respiration because the heart and lungs were unable to deliver oxygen to the muscles in time. This leads to a build-up of lactic acid. The oxygen debt must be repaid to allow the lactic acid to be oxidised and broken down into carbon dioxide and water. |
| What is muscle fatigue and why does it occur? | Muscle fatigue is where the muscles tire and can no longer contract efficiently. It occurs when lactic acid builds up in the muscles during anaerobic respiration. |
| USES OF ENZYMES | USES OF ENZYMES |
| Student A and Student B have both spilt food on their shirts. If student A washes his shirt using a biological detergent and student B washes his shirt using a non-biological detergent, whose clothes will come out cleaner? Give reasons. | Student A will have a cleaner shirt because there are enzymes in biological detergent which break down the fats and proteins in the food on his shirt. Student B will not have a cleaner shirt than Student A because non-biological detergent doesn't contain enzymes, so it will be less effective at removing food. |
| What are the advantages of using enzymes in Industry? | 1) They speed up reactions without having to use high temperatures or pressures. This saves money and energy. 2) They work for a long time, so once you have bought them you can use them continually. 3) They are biodegradable, so cause less environmental pollution. |
| What are the disadvantages of using enzymes in Industry? | !) Some people develop allergies to enzymes. 2) The conditions enzymes are used in need to be tightly controlled so that they aren't denatured. 3) Enzymes can be expensive to produce. 4) Contamination of enzymes with other substrates can affect the reaction. |
| What enzyme is used to turn glucose syrup into fructose syrup, and why is it done? | An isomerase enzyme is used to turn glucose into fructose. It is used because fructose syrup is sweeter than glucose syrup, which means it's good for use in slimming products as you need less of it. |
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