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| Question | Answer |
| WHO CREATED THE MULTI-STORE MEMORY MODEL? | Atkinson & Shiffrin |
| FEATURES OF THE MULTI-STORE MODEL | It is a structural model meaning information passes between the separate stores in a liner way. |
| WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF THE MULTI-STORE MEMORY MODEL? | Sensory Register Short Term Memory Long Term Memory |
| WHAT IS THE SENSORY REGISTER? | Contains the information from the environment we get through our senses. This information is passed to the short term memory through the process of attention or it lost to decay. |
| FEATURES OF THE SENSORY REGISTER | CAPACITY: Very large DURATION: A few milliseconds ENCODING: Iconic (sight) or Echoic (sound) |
| WHAT IS THE SHORT TERM MEMORY? | Information passed to the STM can remain there for 30 seconds or longer through maintenance rehearsal. |
| FEATURES OF THE STM? | CAPACITY: 7+/-2 items DURATION: up to 30 seconds ENCODING: Acoustic |
| WHAT IS THE LONG TERM MEMORY? | Information can be passed from the STM to the LTM through elaborative rehearsal where information is processed for meaning. |
| FEATURES OF THE LTM? | CAPACITY: Unlimited DURATION: Unlimited ENCODING: Semantic |
| NAME THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF REHEARSAL | Maintenance Rehearsal- simply repeating information in order to remember it Elaborative Rehearsal- links information to something meaningful so it's processed deeply |
| PETERSON & PETERSON | A lab experiment where the ppt's had to recall consonant trigrams. To prevent rehearsal ppt's were given an interference task. They were asked to recall trigrams after intervals of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds. They found the longer the delay the less trigrams were recalled. As ppt's were able to recall 80% of trigrams after 3 seconds but less than 10% after 18 seconds. They concluded that STM has a limited duration when rehearsal is prevented. |
| CONRAD | Suggested that encoding in the STM is acoustic. As he found ppts recalled less when the letters they had to recall were acoustically similar than if they were acoustically dissimilar. |
| MILLER | Miller suggested that most people store about seven items in their short term memory e.g. numbers, letters or words he argued that the capacity of the short term memory could be enlarged by grouping items together into meaningful 'chunks' and called this process 'chunking'. Miller therefore suggested that about 7+/- 2 items can be stored in the STM depending on chunking. |
| BAHRICK | Investigated duration of LTM in a natural setting. Ppt's were asked to list names of ex-classmates (free recall), shown photos and asked to give names (photo recognition) and given names and asked to match photos (name recognition). After 15 years ppt's could recognise 90% names and faces whilst after 48 years name-recognition was 80% accurate whilst photo recognition was 40%. This study shows that recognition is better than recall showing there's a large capacity and long duration but information can be hard to access. |
| BADDELEY | Participants were shown a list of 10 words and asked to recall them in serial order after 20 minutes. The lists they saw were either: acoustically similar/dissimilar or semantically similar/dissimilar words. Ppt's had much better recall when the words had different meanings showing that encoding in LTM is mainly semantic because participants remembered more when using semantic encoding. |
| STRENGTH CLIVE WEARING | Clive developed anterograde amnesia because the transfer of memory from short-term to the long term area was damaged. These findings support the model because they suggest that short term memory and long term memory are separate stores and are in different areas of the brain. |
| STRENGTH PRIMARY-RECENCY EFFECT | When ppt's are able to rehearse the first items into LTM and the last few items on the list are still fresh in STM. These findings support the model because they suggest that STM and LTM are separate stores and that rehearsal transfers information between them. |
| STRENGTH GAVE US A BETTER UNDERSTANDING | The multi-store model has made an enormous contribution to the understanding of memory as it provided the first account of the overall structure and processes of the human memory system. This is a strength because it laid the foundation for further research on memory e.g. working memory model |
| WEAKNESS OVEREMPHASISES REHEARSAL | It overemphasises the role of rehearsal in forming long-term memories and this is considered too simple a process to account for the transfer of information from STM to LTM. e.g. ‘flashbulb memories’ are highly detailed memories can be recalled very easily without rehearsal. This is a limitation because it would seem that material doesn’t just pass from STM to LTM by being rehearsed. |
| WEAKNESS TOO SIMPLISTIC | The STM is no longer regarded as a single store. The working memory model demonstrates that STM is made up of several components. This is a limitation as STM is thought to be more complex than the Multi-Store Model maintains. |
| WEAKNESS CLIVE WEARING | A limitation of the multi-store model is that it is not fully supported by the real life case study of Clive Wearing. Clive Wearing’s case study suggests that LTM is not a single, unitary store because he retained good memory for his procedural LTM whilst his episodic and semantic LTM were largely lost. |
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