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Flashcards by Beth Harker, updated more than 1 year ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Why do you need to eat food? | Carbohydrates - energy Fats - insulation and energy Protein - growth, cell repair/replacement Fibre - maintains healthy digestion Vitamins/Mineral Ions - keep skin/bones/blood healthy |
| Why do energy requirements vary? METABOLIC RATE | Muscle > Fat = higher metabolism Bigger = more cells need energy = higher metabolism Men = higher metabolism than women More exercise = higher metabolism |
| Malnurishment FAT | Excess carbs/fat cause obesity. 20% over recommended body mass. Causes = hormones, bad diet, no exercise. Effects = arthritis, type 2 diabetes, heart disease and high blood pressure. Saturated fat causes high cholesterol. |
| Cholesterol | Found in the blood. You need cholesterol for your cell membranes and to make vital hormones. Too much saturated fats = high cholesterol increases risk of heart disease |
| How/why is cholesterol distributed? | Cholesterol - made in the liver Carried to body cells for healthy cell membranes by LDLs (Low-density lipoproteins) Healthy = HDLs > LDLs (High-density lipoproteins) |
| Malnurishment THIN | Lack of food/unbalanced food groups. Effects = slow growth, fatigue, poor resistance to infection, irregular periods. Lack of vit/min causes deficiency diseases, e.g. no vit C causes scurvy which affects the skin, joints and gums. |
| What causes infectious diseases? | microorganisms entering and attacking your body. Are called PATHOGENS. |
| How do viruses differ to bacteria? | 1) Viruses are smaller than bacteria 2) Bacteria invades the body & damage cells with toxins - viruses invade cells & replicate until the cells explode, releasing the virus. They both have antigens on the surface. |
| What are the four main ways infectious diseases can be spread? | 1) Droplet infection 2) Direct contact 3) Contaminated food or drink 4)Through a break in your skin |
| How does your body protect you from these pathogens? | 1) Skin, hair and mucus in respiratory tract. 2) Platelets clot blood around cuts (scabs.) 3) Immune system releases white blood cells. |
| How do these white blood cells work? | They engulf and digest foreign cells. Virus -They produce proteins (antibodies) to kill invading cell; specific to antigen. Antibodies are then produced rapidly to kill all or similar viruses. Person now immune. Bacteria - Similarly produce antitoxins. |
| Antibiotics VS Painkillers | Antibiotics - kill bacteria but not viruses. They are relevant to the bacteria; Penicillin Painkillers - relieve pain/symptoms, (e.g. aspirin) but don't cure; e.g. colds. |
| Give one example of one bacterial and one viral disease which you can be immunised against. | Bacterial: Tetanus and diphtheria Viral: Polio, measles and mumps |
| Who was the first person to discover penicillin? | Alexander Flemming |
| Why/how are bacteria resistant to antibiotics? | They can mutate to become resistant. So, only non resistant bacteria will be affected by any antibiotics. The resistants survive and increase. e.g. MRSA - even resist Methicillin. |
| How can we prevent this from happening? | Slow down rate of resistant strains. Doctors avoid over-prescribing antibiotics for unnecessary infections. |
| 6 mark question - investigating microorganisms in school. | Pour agar jelly into a clean Petri dish. Use inoculating loops to transfer microorganisms into Petri dish. (antibiotics in areas to test resistance) Non resistants die, resistants survive. (disinfectants in areas to test effectiveness) |
| What safety precautions should you take? | Sterilise equipment - prevents unwanted microorganisms from contaminating. (Inoculating loop through Bunsen flame) Lid taped on - no microorganisms from air. 25 degrees in school - no harmful growth much higher degrees in industry. |
| What is agar jelly? | A liquid or gel containing the carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals the microorganisms need to grow. |
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