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| Question | Answer |
| The Act of Supremacy | May 1559 Affirmed Queen as Supreme Governor of the Church |
| The Act of Uniformity | May 1559 Legislated for the use of a Prayer book, which was basically a mix between Edward’s two prayer books of 1549 and 1552. However, the Black Rubric of 1552, which explicitly denied the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, was omitted. The clerical dress requirements and church ornaments were that of the moderate 1549 prayer book. Revoked the heresy acts. |
| 57 injunctions | July 1559 - Cecil required the use of the bible in English (Lutheran) + a copy of Erasmus' Paraphrases (Catholic) |
| 39 Articles | 1563-1571 |
| Doran's views on the 39 Articles | hybrid of Lutheran, Zwinglian and Calvinist doctrine |
| Act of Exchange | 1559, which gave Elizabeth the right to ‘exchange’ spiritual property in her gift for secular property owned by the church. This gave Elizabeth access to valuable church properties, which she could (and did) then use in her gift as patronage. |
| Also as part of the Religious Settlement | Appropriation of the First Fruit and Tenths |
| How was the Religious Settlement enforced | Visitations 1559-1564. Visitation was the right of the Supreme Governor and was used to check conformity – 125 commissioners were appointed, resulting in loss of 400 Marian clergy. |
| Settlement described as Erastian - what does this mean and why important | Serving the needs of the state. This is quite important, because if the settlement is essentially political in nature, then that could make any threats to the settlement essentially religious in nature, which gives you a way into a question that asks you to determine this. |
| How long did it take for Settlement to be finalised | 4 months |
| Bills sent to the Commons : Act of Supremacy and bill to introduce a Book of Common Prayer | February 1559 |
| Elizabeth's ministers presented new bills of Supremacy and Uniformity to the Commons having decided to prorogue Parliament | 3/4/1559 |
| Concessions to Catholics in Settlement | whilst the Prayer book remained in essence that of Edward’s books of 1549 and 1552, the Black Rubric of 1552 had been removed (the Black Rubric denied the real presence in the Eucharist and was therefore offensive to Catholics). |
| Duffy's view on Catholic beliefs | suggested that Catholic beliefs were held by large sections of the population |
| Marian Bishops refused to take the compulsory oath to the Act of Supremacy – deprived of office (not executed though!). | 1559 |
| Which Marian exiles were given bishoprics instead | Grindal (London) Cox (Ely) Jewel (Salisbury) Sandys (Worcester) Young (York) |
| 12 pence fine for refusing to go to church was created. Recusancy increased during Elizabeth’s reign, although this rise may be due to increased diligence in enforcing attendance. | 1559 |
| Catholic clergy refusing to take the oath of supremacy, saying mass, or arranging for it to be said, faced the death penalty, although this wasn’t implemented before 1577. | 1559 |
| Haigh view on Catholics in North | Haigh has catalogued usage of catholic practices in the north, e.g use of latin, elevation of the host etc, suggesting traditional worship widespread despite penalties |
| Pius IV died. Pius V stepped up Catholic opposition to Elizabeth’s settlement and made Pius IV statement known to English Catholics | 1566 |
| Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England | 1568 |
| William Allen founded Douai college in the Netherlands to train priests for missionary work in England | 1568 |
| Revolt of the Northern Earls | 1569 |
| Papal Excommunication of Elizabeth | 1570 |
| Guy argues excommunication = what | Guy argues that the excommunication marked a turning point: by provoking the Treason Act, Catholicism became associated with treason |
| Ridolfi Plot | 1571 |
| Norfolk executed | 1572 |
| Treason Act | 1571 |
| Act forbidding the bringing of Papal Bulls into England | 1571 |
| Act Against Fugitives Over the Sea | 1571 - forbade Catholics to leave the country or to be trained overseas for ordination. Those who had already gone were given six months to return repentant or forfeit their goods and estate incomes. |
| Seminary Priests from Douai started arriving as a precursor to Jesuits | 1574 |
| The missionary Cuthbert Mayne executed for bringing a papal Bull into England. | 1577 |
| Bishops ordered to file records of their recusants | 1577 |
| Nicholas Sander was encouraged by the Pope to stir trouble in Ireland – Pope had also persuaded Philip II to send approx. 1000 Spanish soldiers to assist. Was crushed by 1581, and achieved little, but was a mark of escalating tension that catholic rebels now had international support. | 1579 |
| By now over 100 Douai priests in England | 1580 |
| Robert Parsons and Edmund Campion – first Jesuits – arrived in England | 1580 |
| Bossy's argument regarding Jesuits | John Bossy argues that the Jesuits were a major success in guaranteeing the survival of English Catholicism once the old Marian priests had died, left or been forced to submit |
| Haigh's argument regarding Jesuits | Haigh, on the other hand, argues that success was limited to the South East, which wasn’t predisposed to Catholicism, and focused on the gentry rather than grass-roots support. |
| Capture and Execution of Edmund Campion | 1581 |
| Act to retain the Queen’s Majesty’s Subjects in their True Obedience and the Act against Seditious Words and Rumours | 1581 |
| Between 1581 and 1603 how many Catholics were executed | 180 Catholics were executed - 120 of those priests. |
| Throckmorton Plot | Throckmorton Plot French forces, funded by Spain and Pope, would attack England, using Allen and Parsons to drum up support. 1583 |
| Assassination of William of Orange Revived fears of assassination | 1584 |
| Act against Jesuits, seminary priests and such other disobedient Persons | 1585 |
| Hughes claim about the Act against Jesuits, seminary priests and such other disobedient Persons | Hughes claims that, of the 146 Catholics executed between 1586-1603, 123 were convicted under this Act |
| Alan Smith claim about War with Spain | Alan Smith claims 1585-1604 war decisive event in attempt by Counter-ref to suppress Protestantism. |
| Babington Plot | Babington Plot Plot to install Mary as Queen was discovered by Walsingham 1586 |
| Execution of Mary Queen of Scots | 1587 |
| Spanish Armada | 1588-89 |
| George Blackwell appointed Archpriest of England by Rome | 1598 |
| When was the Edict of Nantes and what did it do | 1598 - The Edict of Nantes (France) gave the Hugenots (Calvinists) freedom of worship in France, thereby ending the fear of a united French-Spanish Catholic crusade against England |
| By 1603 what were statistics for seminary priests + what were 'Appellants' | By 1603, also, over 400 seminary priests and 12 Jesuits were disseminating Catholicsm in England. However, only the Jesuits could be considered a potential risk. 13 seminary priests, ‘Appellants’ agreed to sign a declaration recognizing Elizabeth as Queen and refusing to support a Catholic invasion. |
| Catholic Threat debate Historians summary | Regarding the catholic threat, the debate stems from the 1560s over the survival of Catholicism (McGrath and Bossy) which is counter-argued by Haigh and Doran. |
| Dickens on Catholicism | Dickens, 1964: Catholicism remained insignificant for a decade, and then assumed menacing proportions between 1569 – 1588, but it was then contained by the end of the reign. He believed that English Catholicism was revived in the last 3 decades by the Seminary Priests and the Jesuits. This, in turn, caused a growth in recusancy. |
| Johnson on Catholicism | Johnson, 1974: Catholicism collapsed in 1559. It’s survival only came in the form of a private religion, became a religion mostly of the gentry. |
| Guy on Catholicism | Guy, 1988: He believes that the Catholic community only survived after 1570 due to the Henrican and Marian Priests, not the Jesuits and Seminary Priests. He also sees there as being an established Catholic Church before the priests arrived |
| Doran on Catholicism | Doran, 1994: She believes it is the Marian priests that help Catholicism to survive in the first decades. Does not blame the seminary priests for being such a small minority by the 1590s – despite the weaknesses of their mission, it is hard to see how Catholicism would have survived without them. |
| Conformist Puritan threat summary | Conformist Puritans: prepared to work within the church in the hope of gradual reform and therefore cannot really be seen as an active threat - little actual threat – Grindal was instructive - never in opposition to the Queen |
| Presbytarians threat summary | Presbyterians: supportive of a national church, but it would not be Episcopalian (bishop-led). Considering the absence of Bishops, it would not be a church that a monarch would find easy to control – therefore poses a threat to Elizabeth - E did use formidable powers to supress this perceived threat. - This resulted in there being little chance of success for the Presbyterians. |
| Separatists threat summary | Separatists: they deny that a national church should be established – pose the greatest threat - In practice, very little threat. Too few in number and did not have any elite support. - Queen could, and did employ savage penalties against them |
| Collinson on Presbytarians | Collinson: "Presbyterians' were only a minority and their organisation was broken by 1590. Non Presbyterian Protestants were much more numerous and should be seen as part of mainstream Elizabethan Protestantism" - Is only a very small minority of radical puritans who actually create problems |
| Bindhoff on Presbytarians | Bindhoff, 1950: The Puritan challenge of the ‘80’s took two forms. The Classical Movement was an attempt to Presbyterianise the church from within. The Presbyterians accepted the link between Church and the state. They just wanted the church to pull the state rather than the other way round. The Separatist movement determined to cut the connection altogether. Therefore the Presbyterians strove to undermine the episcopacy, the Separatists acted as if it did not exist. |
| Guy on Puritans | Guy, 1988: Few Puritans were actually revolutionaries (as Collinson points out), and the majority disapproved of separation. Puritanism existed at a local parish level, with enthusiastic preachers. |
| Convocation producing the 39 Articles | 1563 Convocation producing 39 Articles – Puritans attempted to reduce the Holy days, the sign of the cross at baptism and remove necessity for vestments. Moves defeated by 1 vote, suggesting the threat was serious. |
| Reason why Elizabeth also refused to allow the 39 Articles to be confirmed by Parliament? | because she still felt they would alienate Catholics. Only confirmed in 1571 (1570?) after Catholicism became treasonable offence. |
| Vestiarian Controversy | 1565 |
| Vestiarian Controversy Details | Vestiarian Controversy Elizabeth wrote to Archbishop Parker, requesting that he enforced uniformity, specifically the wearing of the vestments As a result, Parker, acting on his own initiative, issued: The Advertisements – Parker accepted wearing of surplice alone at a Parish level but insisted that full vestments were worn in Cathedrals and colleges. The clergy had to swear an oath to the surplice and cope. To many, this implied that the clergy were special. Parker invoked the concept of ‘adiaphora’ but nevertheless, 37 refused to swear and many sacked. Elizabeth refused to endorse Parker’s Advertisements officially. Did she want to limit the involvement of the Privy Council in matters religious? The controversy sparked a wider debate on the validity of the episcopacy – surfacing again in Cartwright’s Cambridge lectures of 1571. |
| Thomas Cartwright Lectures | Thomas Cartwright lectures (70-71) at Cambridge, criticizing the organization of the Elizabethan church and arguing for a Calvinist structure. |
| Cartwright lost his job an exiled | 1573 |
| Alphabet Bills | The Bishops in the Lords attempted to correct abuses such as pluralism and absenteeism. The puritan MP, William Strickland, tried to tag on to the bill a clause about the prayer book. Elizabeth was furious! Strickland was imprisoned. Elizabeth vetoed most of the Alphabet bills – which made the bishops furious! The Bishops then used Convocations right to grant licenses for preaching as a way of curbing Puritan ministers, and insisted on subscription to the 39 Articles, the Book of Common Prayer and the surplice! 1571 |
| E forbade Parliament to discuss religious bills not originating with the Bishops | 1572 |
| John Field and Thomas Wilcox published their 'Admonition to Parliament' | John Field and Thomas Wilcox published their Admonition to Parliament –criticised structure and doctrine. Field advocated a system of ‘classes’ rather than an episcopal structure. [this is known as Classical Presbyterianism] Authors were imprisoned. Puritan printing presses destroyed and Bishops ordered to ensure conformity. 1572 |
| Archbishop Parker died. Replaced by Grindal; Marian exile | 1575 |
| Prophesying Scandal | 1576 |
| Whitgift's 3 Articles | 1583 Whitgift’s Three Articles Whitgift ordered clergy to swear to the supremacy, swear that the 1559 Book of Common Prayer and the Ordinal contained nothing contrary to the Word of God (the ordinal contained the service for the ordination of bishops!) swear to the 39 Articles |
| What type of Puritan was Whitgift | Conformist |
| John Copping and Elias Thacker were hanged for distributing works by Robert Browne and Robert Harrison. | 1583 |
| Browne returned to England, submitted to Whitgift and was ordained as a minister in the CofE. This should have been the end of the Separatist threat really but his leadership was replaced by Henry Barrow and John Greenwood, who spent most of their time in prison. | 1584 |
| [Feb] Anthony Cope introduces into Parliament A Bill and a Book. Proposed: Replacing Book of Common Prayer with Genevan prayer Book Introducing Genevan church government | 1587 |
| Martin Marprelate Tracts (7 in total) – attacked organisation of church. | 1588-89 |
| Field / Leicester died | 1588 |
| Walsingham died | 1590 |
| Hacket Scandal | Some misguided Puritans made a last ditch attempt to establish the church of God and proclaimed a guy called William Hacket as the new Messiah – Presbyterianism lost all credibility, Hacket lost his life. 1591 |
| Act against Seditious Sectaries | 1593 |
| Lambeth Articles drawn up by who when why | In response to a debate over Calvinist doctrine, Whitgift drew up the Lambeth Articles. These reinforced the importance of Calvinist theories of salvation to the English church. Notably, Elizabeth refused to sanction the Lambeth Articles because Whitgift had not consulted the Supreme Governor! 1595 |
| Summary Comment Warren assessment fo Puritan Threat | “If the Church of England is to be defined simply as the national Church of the country of England, then only Separatism sought to disband such a system. If ‘Church of England’ means that system established by Elizabeth in 1559, then Presbyterianism certainly sought to replace the hierarchical and traditional system of church government.” |
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