8399012
Description
Mind Map by Ingrid Maria Castillo Marrugo, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ingrid Maria Castillo Marrugo
over 7 years ago
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|
Semantic relations
- 1-
Paraphrase
- An utterance is a
paraphrase of
another when it has
the same meaning
as another.
- Example:Philip
purchased an
automobile is a
paraphrase of
Philip bought a
car.
- Example:Philip
purchased an
automobile is a
paraphrase of
Philip bought a
car.
- An utterance is a
paraphrase of
another when it has
the same meaning
as another.
- 2- Entailment , or
Implication
- One utterance entails
another when the
second is a logi-cally
necessary consequence
of the first.
- Example:
Alan lives
in Toronto
entails
Alan lives
in Canada
- Example:
Alan lives
in Toronto
entails
Alan lives
in Canada
- One utterance entails
another when the
second is a logi-cally
necessary consequence
of the first.
- 3- Inclusion
- One utterance
encompasses
another, as I
like fruit
includes I like
apples
- This
relationship is
unidirectional: I
like apples does
not include I like
(all) fruit.
- This
relationship is
unidirectional: I
like apples does
not include I like
(all) fruit.
- One utterance
encompasses
another, as I
like fruit
includes I like
apples
- 4- Contradiction
- A statement or sequence
of utterances is logically
contradictory; that is, if
one is true, the other
must be false
- He is an orphan
contradicts His parents
are living or I was
fatally ill last year is
internally contradictory
- He is an orphan
contradicts His parents
are living or I was
fatally ill last year is
internally contradictory
- A statement or sequence
of utterances is logically
contradictory; that is, if
one is true, the other
must be false
- 5- Anomaly
- An utterance has
no meaning in the
everyday world; it
violates semantic
rules
- Example, He swallowed a
dream or The rock
giggled. (We will
examine anomaly below,
as some apparent
anomaly is actually
figurative language.)
- Example, He swallowed a
dream or The rock
giggled. (We will
examine anomaly below,
as some apparent
anomaly is actually
figurative language.)
- An utterance has
no meaning in the
everyday world; it
violates semantic
rules
- 6- Lexical
Ambiguity
- A word or phrase
allows more than
one meaning in
context
- Example: (An old friend)
- Denote a friend who is
aged or a friend whom
one has known for a
long time (two different
meanings of old.
- Denote a friend who is
aged or a friend whom
one has known for a
long time (two different
meanings of old.
- Example: (An old friend)
- A word or phrase
allows more than
one meaning in
context
- 7- Denotation -
Connotation
- Words have literal or
referential meanings
(denotation) but also
evoke feelings,
attitudes, or opinions
(connotations).
- Example:Soldier –
warrior. Relax – loaf .
Insect – bug . Hound –
dog.
- Example:Soldier –
warrior. Relax – loaf .
Insect – bug . Hound –
dog.
- Words have literal or
referential meanings
(denotation) but also
evoke feelings,
attitudes, or opinions
(connotations).
- 8-
Polysemy
- A word has
more than one
meaning out of
context; the
meanings are
related to one
another
- Example:court:
‘enclosed area’,
‘retinue of a
sovereign’,
‘judicial tribunal’.
- Mouth:‘opening through
which an animate being
takes food’, ‘the part of a
river which empties into a
lake or sea’.
- Mouth:‘opening through
which an animate being
takes food’, ‘the part of a
river which empties into a
lake or sea’.
- Example:court:
‘enclosed area’,
‘retinue of a
sovereign’,
‘judicial tribunal’.
- A word has
more than one
meaning out of
context; the
meanings are
related to one
another
- 10-
Meronymy:
- A word
denotes part
of a whole
- Example: the fender is to
car, week is to month,
headis to body, branch is
to tree, binding is to
book.
- Example: the fender is to
car, week is to month,
headis to body, branch is
to tree, binding is to
book.
- A word
denotes part
of a whole
- 11-Presupposition
- What is assumed beforehand by an
utterance, or what is taken for granted, is
said to be presupposed. Minimally, the
existence of the thing or person talked
about (the topic) is presupposed.
- Example: My teacher gave a
boring lecture, where the
existence of teacher is
presupposed.
- Example: My teacher gave a
boring lecture, where the
existence of teacher is
presupposed.
- What is assumed beforehand by an
utterance, or what is taken for granted, is
said to be presupposed. Minimally, the
existence of the thing or person talked
about (the topic) is presupposed.
- 9-
Homonymy
- Two words sound
and are written the
same but are
different in mea-ning
- Example: bark1‘outer covering
of wood’- bark2‘harsh sound,
uttered by a dog’. Sound1‘nois
e’ - sound2‘body of water’
sound3‘free from defect’
- Band1‘group of people’-
band2‘thin strip for
encircling an object’
swallow1‘to ingest’-
swallow2‘a type of bird’
- Band1‘group of people’-
band2‘thin strip for
encircling an object’
swallow1‘to ingest’-
swallow2‘a type of bird’
- Example: bark1‘outer covering
of wood’- bark2‘harsh sound,
uttered by a dog’. Sound1‘nois
e’ - sound2‘body of water’
sound3‘free from defect’
- Two words sound
and are written the
same but are
different in mea-ning
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