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11111981
Glaucoma
Description
Mind Map on Glaucoma, created by Hamdi Mohamed on 27/10/2017.
Mind Map by
Hamdi Mohamed
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Hamdi Mohamed
about 7 years ago
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Resource summary
Glaucoma
TREATMENT (Ney, 2016; Turkoski, 2012
Pharmacological (Ney, 2016; Turkoski, 2012)
Medications that decrease outflow of aqueous humor
Prostaglandin analogs
Beta-adrenergic antagonists
Alpha2-adrenergic agonists
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Miotics
GOAL
Reduce adverse effects
Avoid vision loss
Medications that increase outflow of aqueous humor
Alpha Antagonist
Dipivefrin
Brimonidine
Cholinomimetics
Combination Products
Combigan
Cosopt
Non-pharmacological
Surgical Treatment (To reduce IOP) (Ney, 2016)
Laser Trabeculoplasty
Reduces IOP by creating better outflow of aqueous humor through the remodeling of the trabecular meshwork
Trabeculectomy
Surgical fistula is created to drain aqeous humor into subconjunctival pocket
PATHOGENSIS (Peate & Jones, 2014; Nowak et al., 2015)
What is Glaucoma?
Optic Neuropathy that results in Visual Impairment
Build up of fluid (aqueous humor)
Ocular Hypertension
Increased damage to blood vessels and optic nerve
Results in axon loss, retinal ganglon cell death (RCG), excavated appearance of the optic nerve head
DIAGNOSIS
Medical Diagnosis (Peate & Jones, 2014; Ney, 2016; Turoski, 2012; Lewis et al., 2014)
ophthalmologist examination
Evidence of increased cup-to-disc ratio
Use of Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
Visual Field testing
Conjunctival injection (red eye)
Corneal oedema
Mid-dilated, non-reactive pupil.
Glaucoma Test
1. Tenometry
2. Perimetry
3. Direct Opthalmoscopy
Measures the IOP and examines the head of optic nerve, aqueous humor, and cornea
4. Gonioscopy
Uses a slit lamp or operating microscope to gain a view of the iridocorneal angle
Measures and identifies defects in visual field
Measures IOP and determines how much pressure it needs to flatten central cornea. Often used with Direct Opthalmoscopy
Non Medical Diagnosis (Peate & Jones, 2014; Ney, 2016; Turoski, 2012; Lewis et al., 2014)
Patient History
History of Blurring vision with haloes
Assessment of Ocular Pain
Normal IOP: 12-22 mm Hg
Ocular Hypertension: IOP greater than 22 mm Hg
Past eye surgery and eye injury
RISK FACTORS (Ney, 2016; Perry, 2014;Lewis et al., 2014)
Family History
Individuals of African Origin
Diabetes
Ocular Hypertension (greater than 21 mmHg)
Central Cornea Thickness
Those over the age of 65 years old
long-term use of steroid eye drops
TYPES OF GLAUCOMA (Peate & Jones, 2014; Turkoski, 2012)
Primary Open Angled Glaucoma
Signs and Symptoms
No symptoms of pain occurs as result of the optic nerve damage
Shadow in vision
Decreased visual acuity
Effects
Extensive amount of vision loss occurs
Elevated Intraocular Pressure
People often lose their vision even before they are aware of their condition.
Causes
Trabecular Meshwork (drainage angle) is partially blocked
Slower fluid drainage out of the eye
The angle between the cornea and iris is open (Turkoski, 2012).
Insidious development
It is the most common type of glaucoma
Primary Closed Angled Glaucoma
Signs and Symptoms
Pains
Blurred Vision
Colored Haloes
Malaise
Effects
Elevated Intraocular Pressure
Causes
Iris Bulges
Decreased fluid drainage
Optic nerve damage
The angle between the cornea and iris is very narrow
Acute and gradual development
It is a medical emergency
Signs and Symptoms (NHS, 2016; Lewis et al., 2014)
uveitis
Cogenital Eye Problem
vision loss
blurred vision
colored rings around lights
redness in the eye
Nausea
Vomiting
a "hazy" appearance to the eye
COLLABORATIVE CARE (CA0, 2014; Lewis et al., 2014)
Age 65 and over must take eye exam annually
Keep IOP low to prevent optic nerve damage
Acute care for angle closed glaucoma
Topical cholinergic agent
Hyperosmotic agent
Laser peripheral iridotomy
Surgical iridotomy
Client Centered Care (RNAO, 2002).
Involve clients throughout the caring and service process.
Maintain respect and value for clients through listening and practicing openness.
The client’s goals are central to the coordination, continuity, and consistency of care
Care plan must be aimed at achieving the clients’ desired goals and needs
Collobrate with interprofessional team such as optometrist to create an action plan
NURSING INTERVENTION (Parikh & Parikh, 2011)
Enhance adherence to medications
Reduce the number of medication through combination therapy
Demsonstrate effective eye drop instillation
Providing education on glaucoma
Encourage physical activitiy
Stress coping strategies
Decrease alochol intake
Decrease caffine intake
ANTAOMY OF THE EYE (Peate & Jones, 2014)
Cornea, Iris and Pupil
Aqueous humor, Trabecular Meshwork and lens
Retina and Sclera
Rods and Cones
By: Hamdi Mohamed & Asha Ahmed
Media attachments
Glaucoma 01 Big (1) (binary/octet-stream)
Eye Anatomy Article. V20016336 (binary/octet-stream)
Glaucoma Awareness 300x273 (1) (binary/octet-stream)
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Glaucoma E1484601420285 (1) (binary/octet-stream)
Blood Test Levels For Diagnosing Dm 0 (binary/octet-stream)
Who Gap Infographic Final (binary/octet-stream)
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Glaucoma Surgery 1024x570 (binary/octet-stream)
Download (binary/octet-stream)
Living With Glaucoma Infographic 1 (binary/octet-stream)
Glaucoma Old Man Symptoms Detailed Anatomy Healthy Eye Info Graphics Vector Illustrations 69511951 (binary/octet-stream)
Glaucoma Infographic (binary/octet-stream)
Tonometry1 (binary/octet-stream)
Lentes De Contato Descartaveis (1) (binary/octet-stream)
Medicalnursing (binary/octet-stream)
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