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14155595
Memory
Description
just a basic mind map innit
No tags specified
revision
psychology
Mind Map by
Joseph Veevers
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Joseph Veevers
over 6 years ago
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Resource summary
Memory
Multi Store Model
Environmental Input -- > Sensory Memory--> Short-Term Memory --> Long-Term Memory
Rehearsal Loop
Retrieval + Rehearsal
Attention
H.M
Parts of the brain removed
S.T.M = Fine
L.T.M = Broken
Shows different stores
Encoding
LTM - Semantic
STM - Acoustic
Capacity
STM -7+/- 2
LTM - Unlimited
Duration
LTM - Unlimited
STM - Up to 30 Seconds
A03
Strengths
Good understanding of the structure and process
Primacy and Recency Effect
Weaknesses
Too Simplistic
Too reliant on concept of Rehearsal
More than 1 type of STM and LTM
Artificial Materials
Working Memory Model shows that the Multi Store Model is too simplistic
Glanzer and Cunitz
Primary and Recency Effect
Remember words at the start and the end of the list
Words at the start are placed into the LTM
Words at the end are placed into the STM
K.F
Motorcycle Crash, brain sustained damage
LTM = Fine
Struggled to recall from STM
Working Memory Model
Central Executive + Episodic Buffer + Phonological Loop + Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
Feeds into the LTM
C.E = Keeps the Slave Systems functional
E.B = Briefly stores Info to make a coherant memory
P.L = Auditory Info and Order of Info
V.S.S = Deals with Visual and Spatial Info
See K.F
Focuses too heavily on STM
Lacks Ecological Validity
Types of LTM
Episodic
Personal Memories
Wedding, Funeral, etc
Semantic
General Knowledge
Capital Cities, Films, etc
Procedural
Learnt Motor Skills
Sport, Riding a Bike, etc
Clive Wearing and HM
Episodic Memory lost but Semantic and Procedural unaffected
Forgetting
Interference Theory
Proactive Interference
Old Memory inteferes with a new one
Retroactive Interference
New memory interferes with an old one
Underwood and Postman
Ppts learnt a sequence of word pairs
They asked them to recall the words but had them learn a new list too
They were given a word from List A but asked to recall from either List B (RI) or List C (PI)
Recall from either list was poor thus proving the Interference Theory
Artifical Materials
Lacks Validity
Lab Experiments
Reliability
Context-Depending Forgetting
External Triggers for a Memory
Cues usually Visual
Godden and Baddely
Group 1 - Learn on Land + Recall on Land
Group 2 - Learn on Land + Recall Underwater
Group 3 - Learn Underwater + Recall on Land
Group 4 - Learn Underwater + Recall Underwater
Recall was 40% lower in non matching conditions
State-Dependent Forgetting
Internal Triggers for a Memory
Goodwin
People who drank a lot could forget a lot when sober but could remember when they were drunk again
Carter and Cassaday
Group 1 - Learn on Drug + Recall when on it
Group 2 - Learn on Drug + Recall when not on Drug
Group 3 - Learn not on Drug + Recall when on it
Group 4 - Learn not on Drug + Recall when not on Drug
Recall was significantly lower in conditions when the recall and learning were different
Eyewitness Testimony
Misleading Information
Experiment 1
They showed the Ppts a Car Crash and asked them how fast it was going
The more serious the adjective, the higher the estimate of the speed
45 Ppts - 5 Groups
Different Adjective for each Group
Smashed
Crashed
Collided
Bumped
Hit
Artificial - Lacks the Anxiety of a real crash
Lack of Experience
Experiment 2
They asked the Ppts if they saw any Glass after the crash
Depending on the severity of the word, the amount varied
The more severe the word, the more people claimed to have seen it
There was no Glass to begin with
Post-Event Discussion
Gabbert
2 Groups of Ppts
Young Adults (17-33)
Older Adults (58-80)
Both watched a Staged Crime
Exposed to Misleading Info
Given a Recall Test
Young Adults recalled better than Older Adults
Real-Life Application
Can be applied to the Cognitive Interview
Issues with Memory regarding older Ppts
Anxiety Effect
Johnson and Scott
There were two Conditions
Ppts heard an argument
Person comes in with a Bloody Knife (High Anxiety)
Low levels of recall (33%) involving the Person as they were all focused on the Weapon
Person comes in with a Pen (Low Anxiety)
High levels of recall (49%) involving the Person
Actually testing Surprise
All studies fail to take time into account
PTSD, Memory Loss could have occured after the Crime
Cognitive Interview
Recall Everything
Reinstate Context
Change Order
Change Perspective
Put yourself in someone elses point of view
Recall the events in reverse or in a different chronological order
What was there, what time, where
Identify every detail
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