148765
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Mind Map by becky.waine, updated more than 1 year ago
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SGroups -
Culture and
Group
Dynamics
part one
- from
slides
- FARR - 1996 - stated that social
psychology has neglected
culture has it has been
dominated by Anglo-Saxon
American, middle class people
- TRIANDIS - 1980
- 80% of the
world's
psychologists are
American
- GARFINKEL - 1967 -
there is a tendency
for people to fail to
recognise that their
life is only one of
many possible lives
- TRIANDIS - 1980
- 80% of the
world's
psychologists are
American
- 57 % Asian, 21
European, 14 Western
Hemisphere, 8
African..... 70
Non-white, 30 White...
70% unable to read,
80% in sub-standard
housing, 50% suffer
from malnutrition.
- CROSS-CULTURAL
PSYCHOLOGY - comparing
cultural effects on human
psychology. looks at
diversity and the reasons
for that diversity. looks at
new psychological
universals.
- RACE is a group of
people distinguished
by similar and
genetically
transmitted physical
characteristics
- ETHNICITY =
cultural heritage,
NATION = people
who share
common
geographical
origin,
TRADITIONS =
rules and
symbols etc.
- ETHNICITY =
cultural heritage,
NATION = people
who share
common
geographical
origin,
TRADITIONS =
rules and
symbols etc.
- FARR - 1996 - stated that social
psychology has neglected
culture has it has been
dominated by Anglo-Saxon
American, middle class people
- CULTURE-BOUND -
theory and data
conditioned by a
specific cultural
background
- CULTURALLY
BLIND - theory
and data tested
outside the host
culture
- WHAT IS
CULTURE?
- BOND - 1998
- culture is a
system of
shared
meaning.
- BOAS - 1930
- culture is the
social habits
of a
community.
- HOGG &
VAUGHAN - 2007 -
culture is an
expression of
group norms at a
national, racial
and ethnic level
- HOGG &
VAUGHAN - 2007 -
culture is an
expression of
group norms at a
national, racial
and ethnic level
- BOAS - 1930
- culture is the
social habits
of a
community.
- MORELAND
ET AL - 1996 -
culture is an
instance of
group memory
and so the term
culture can be
applied to
social
collectives of
all sizes
- BOND - 1998
- culture is a
system of
shared
meaning.
- HISTORY - culture and
personality in the 1920s
emphasised there are close
parallels between each
society's culture and the
common characteristics of its
people
- MEAD - 1928 and
BENEDICT - 1934 -
wrote about
ethnographic research,
immersion of the
researcher in the
everyday life of its
people
- TAJFEL - 1972 - has
social psychology
neglected culture,
experiments do not
consider cultural
differences in the
variables, you cannot do
experiments in a cultural
vacuum
- MEAD - 1928 and
BENEDICT - 1934 -
wrote about
ethnographic research,
immersion of the
researcher in the
everyday life of its
people
- FACE RECOGNITION - BRIGHAM
AND BARKOWITZ - 1978 -
OUTGROUP HOMOGENEITY
EFFECT - recognise own race
more accurately than pictures of
other races. outgroup are seen as
more similar than ingroup. "they
are the same, we are diverse"
- TYPES OF
CROSS-CULTURAL
PSYCHOLOGISTS
- CROSS-CULTURAL
PSYCHOLOGISTS - test
theories about the
differences between
groups using traditional
methods, questionnaires,
interviews
- CULTURAL
PSYCHOLOGISTS
- focus on universal
processes where
cultures are
transformed using
qualitative
methodology
- INTERCULTURAL
- look at
communication
across cultures
- INTERCULTURAL
- look at
communication
across cultures
- CROSS-CULTURAL
PSYCHOLOGISTS - test
theories about the
differences between
groups using traditional
methods, questionnaires,
interviews
- ETIC-EMIC
DISTINCTION. ETIC -
similiar, focus on
universals, e.g. we all eat.
EMIC - different,
culturally different.
- CULTURAL
VARIATION
IN
BEHAVIOUR
- HEIDER - 1958 -
people motivated
by two needs. 1.
the need to form a
coherent view. 2.
the need to gain
control over the
environment
- ATTRIBUTION
STYLES
- DISTRIBUTIONAL
ATTRIBUTION -
individual
behaviour as a
result of
INTERNAL
CAUSES
- SITUATIONAL
ATTRIBUTION -
individual
behaviour as a
result of the
environment
- FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION
ERROR - bias in attributing
another's behaviour more to
internal than to situational causes.
- LEHMAN - 2004 - there are subtle
but inconsistent differences in
thought processes between east
Asians and north American
- MILLER - 1984 - Hindu
Indians were much less
likely than North
Americans to make
distributional rather
than situational
attributions
- internal =
dispositional
vs. external =
situational.
- COLLECTIVIST cultures -
high value on conformity
and interdependence,
group membership =
asian and african
cultures.
INDIVIDUALISTIC = north
american and western
european
- people from collectivist
cultures (asia) are more
likely to believe that a
person's behaviour is
due to situational
demands and
individualistic are more
likely to see behaviour
as dispositional
- people from collectivist
cultures (asia) are more
likely to believe that a
person's behaviour is
due to situational
demands and
individualistic are more
likely to see behaviour
as dispositional
- internal =
dispositional
vs. external =
situational.
- LEHMAN - 2004 - there are subtle
but inconsistent differences in
thought processes between east
Asians and north American
- DISTRIBUTIONAL
ATTRIBUTION -
individual
behaviour as a
result of
INTERNAL
CAUSES
- VARIATION IN
CONFORMITY
- SMITH AND BOND - 1998
- replication of ASCH's line
study, in 17 countries, and
found considerable cultural
variation in conformity to
group pressure.
NON-WESTERN had the
highest conformity, seen
as escaping
embarrassment instead of
conforming
- BERRY - 1967 - more
conforming found in a food
accumulating culture than in
a hunter gatherer society
BECAUSE the food
accumulating culture
requires cooperation to
harvest a single crop
whereas the hunter society
is concerned with hunting
on an individual basis.
- SMITH AND BOND - 1998
- replication of ASCH's line
study, in 17 countries, and
found considerable cultural
variation in conformity to
group pressure.
NON-WESTERN had the
highest conformity, seen
as escaping
embarrassment instead of
conforming
- HEIDER - 1958 -
people motivated
by two needs. 1.
the need to form a
coherent view. 2.
the need to gain
control over the
environment
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