Lung Cancer

Classification
1. Primary tumors
  1. Epithelial
    1. Carcinoid tumors
    2. Bronchogenic carcinoma
      1. Small cell cancer
        Cells are large, with scant cytoplasm + areas of necrosis+ mitotic figures are frequent + Molding with large nuclei
      2. Adenocarcinoma
        gland forming adenocarcinoma (Acinar subtype)
      3. Squamous cell carcinoma
        nests of squamous cells with central areas of keratinization
      4. Large call carcinoma
        Lacks the histological features
  2. Non-epithelial
    1. Hamartoma
      1. disorganised mixture of normal lung tissues
      2. Coin-lesion xray
    2. Mesenchymal
    3. Lymphoma
2. Secondary tumors
Causes
1. Tobacco smoking
2. Industrial hazards
  1. radiation
  2. uranium
  3. aromatic hydrocarbon
  4. Asbestos
3. Air pollution
4. Scars
5. Genetic mutations
  1. RAS genes
  2. Epidermal growth factor receptor
  3. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase
  4. TP53
  5. c-Met receptor
Clinical presentation
1. Cough
2. Weight loss
3. Chest pain
4. Dyspnea
5. Hemoptysis
  1. Other causes
6. Loss of appetite
7. Obstructive symptoms
8. Paraneoplastic syndrome
  1. Cushing's syndrome
  2. hyponatremia
  3. Hypercalcemia
  4. Acromegaly
  5. Lambert-Eaton mysthenic syndrome
  6. Peripheral neuropathy
Complications
1. Pleural effusion
2. Metastasis
3. Compression of the sympathetic chain
  1. Horner’s syndrome
4. Involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
5. Obstruction of the SVC
Management
1. Chemotherapy
2. Radiotherapy
3. Surgery
4. Targeted therapy
5. Immunotherapy

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Lung Cancer

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	Created by Aliaa Soliman about 6 years ago