LEXICAL SEMANTICS

Traditional semantics
1. "The meaning of an uttenace consists on a sum of the meaning of its parts"
2. "The correspondance between word and a thing is simple and direct"
3. "Words name things or objects in the real world; meaning is always in reference to phenomena outside language"
4. "It's possible to treat the meanings of individual words separately"
5. Basic semantic relationships
  1. PARAPHRASE
    1. Philip purchased an automobile = Philip bought a car
  2. POLYSEMY
    1. "Mouth"
      1. Opening for eating
      2. Part of a river that empties into a sea
  3. ANOMALY
    1. "He swallowed a dream"
  4. ENTAILMENT OR IMPLICATION
    1. Alan lives in Toronto → Alan lives in Canada
  5. LEXICAL AMBIGUITY
    1. "An old friend"
      1. Old in age
      2. From long time ago
  6. HOMONYMY
    1. "Sound"
      1. noise
      2. Body of water
      3. Free from defect
  7. INCLUSION
    1. I like fruit → I like apples
  8. MERONYMY (part-whole)
    1. week → month
    2. branch → tree
  9. DENOTATION/ CONNOTATION
    1. soldier = warrion
    2. ask = question = interrogate
  10. CONTRADICTION
    1. "I spit out the beer I swallowed"
  11. PRESUPOSITION
    1. "I'll have ANOTHER cup of coffee"
Structural semantics
1. Oppositeness
  1. COMPLEMENTARITY
    1. single ≠ married
    2. asleep ≠ awake
  2. ANTONYMY
    1. big ≠ small
    2. good ≠ bad
  3. CONVERSENESS
    1. lend ≠ borrow
    2. buy ≠ sell
    3. SYMMETRY
      1. He's married to her / She's married to him = They're married
2. Hyponymy and hyperonymy
  1. "Fruit"
    1. Apple
    2. Lemon
    3. Berries
3. Synonymy
  1. unhappy = sad
  2. present = gift
Semantic features / componential analysis
1. Feature analysis of nouns
  1. ±COUNT
  2. ±COMMON
  3. ±ANIMATE
  4. ±HUMAN
  5. ±MALE
  6. ±CONCRETE
  7. ±COLLECTIVE
2. Feature analysis of verbal predicates
  1. ±DURATIVE
    1. Types
      1. Achievement
      2. Accomplishment
      3. Activities
      4. State
  2. ±STATIVE
  3. ±NECESSARY
  4. ±TELIC
3. Feature analysis of modals
  1. Deontic (action)
    1. Ability
    2. Permission
    3. Duty
    4. Responsibility
    5. Command
    6. Obligation
  2. Epistemic (belief)
    1. Probability
    2. Possibility
    3. Potentiality
    4. Certainty
    5. Inference
    6. Prediction
Semantic anomalies
1. Selectional restrictions
  1. "The rooster laid an egg"
2. Figurative language
  1. METONYMY
    1. "The church"
    2. "The crown"
    3. "The law"
  2. PERSONIFICATION
    1. "The vending machine ate my money"
    2. "The idea grabbed me"
  3. OXYMORON (paradox)
    1. "Living death"
    2. "Good grief"
  4. SYNESTHESIA
    1. "Cold response"
    2. "Soothing color"
    3. "Red with anger"
  5. SYNEDOCHE
    1. "new face"
    2. "An iron"
  6. TAUTOLOGY
    1. "A gander is a male goose"
  7. METAPHOR
    1. "A pregnant pause"
    2. "drink the idea"
Prototypes / "psichological classification"
1. Category
  1. PERIPHERIAL MEMBERS
  2. CORE MEMBERS
  3. TYPE

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LEXICAL SEMANTICS

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	Created by Diana Soto Linares over 5 years ago