SEMANTICS

DEFINITIONS THROUGH TIME
1. LYONS (1977): Semantics is the study of the meaning.
  1. THERE WASN'T A SPECIFIC ELEMENT/ MEANING OF WHAT?
2. HURFORD & HEASLEY (1983): Semantics is the study of meaning in language
  1. THEY CONSIDERED THE LANGUAGE AS JUST WORDS.
3. SAEED (1997): Semantics is the study of meaning communicated trough language.
  1. HE ASKED: WHAT IS LANGUAGE DOING WHEN WE ARE EXPRESSING OR COMMUNICATING AN IDEA?
4. LOBNER (2002): Semantics is the part of linguistics that is concerned with meaning.
  1. SEMANTICS WAS RECOGNIZED AS PART OF THE LINGUISTICS.
5. FRAWLEY (1992): Linguistic semantics is the study of literal, descontextualized, grammatical meaning.
  1. THE LITERAL MEANING OF A WORD IS ITS ORIGINAL, BASIC MEANING.
    1. EXAMPLE: HE SUFFERED FROM THE HEART (HE HAD A BAD HEART CONDITION)
  2. DESCONTEXTUALIZED: REMOVED FROM THE USUAL CONTEXT.
    1. EXAMPLE: LUCIA IS CHATTING WITH HER FRIEND JUNE, LUCIA IS IN VILLAVICENCIO AND JUNE IN BOGOTA. LUCIA WRITES HER: IT'S SO HOT--- IT'S DESCONTEXTUALIZED BECAUSE JUNE ISN'T IN THE SAME ENVIROMENT THAT LUCIA IS.
  3. GRRAMATICAL: ACCORDING TO THE GRAMMAR WE HAVE OTHER MEANINGS.
    1. EXAMPLE: THE EXPRESSION "THE WEATHER IS NICE" -- WE CAN AFFIRM: THE WEATHER IS NICE, BUT WE CAN ASK TOO: IS THE WEATHER NICE?. AND ALSO, WE CAN EXCLAIM: ¡THE WEATHER IS NICE!
6. KREIDLER (1998): Linguistics semantics is the study of how languages organize and express meaning.
  1. WE HAVE TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE CONTEXT, BECAUSE DEPENDING ON THIS, THE INFORMATION OR THE IDEAS CAN BE ORGANIZED OR EXPRESSED IN DIFFERENT WAYS.
COMMUNICATION STEPS
1. 1. THINK/ ORGANICE
2. 2. CODIFY/PRODUCE
  1. IN THIS STEP WE FIND THE LINGUISTICS
    1. HERE, WE MATERIALIZE THE IDEA
      1. PHONOLOGY
      2. MORPHOLOGY
      3. LEXICOLOGY
      4. GRAMMAR
3. 3. RECEIVE
4. 4. DECODE
  1. IN THESE STEPS WE FIND THE SEMANTICS
HISTORY
1. IVTH CENTURY: Semantics was part of the philosophy.
  1. SEMANTICS DIDN'T HAVE A CLEAR ROLE
  2. ARISTOTLE'S RUMINATIONS ON LANGUAGE AND PANINI'S GRAMMAR
2. DURING MOST OF XXTH CENTURY: Semantics was rejected by American circles.
  1. BLOOMFIELD (STRUCTURALISM)
  2. CHOMSKY (GENERATIVISM)
    1. THE GRAMMAR AND SYNTAX WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT.
      1. THEY CONSIDERED THE SEMANTICS WASN'T SOMETHING VISIBLE (INTANGIBLE)
3. BY THE END OF XXTH CENTURY: Semantics was recognized as part of the linguistics.
  1. SCHOLARS STARTED TO REBEL AGAINST THE AMERICANS' POSTURES
WAYS OF APPROACHING SEMANTICS
1. FORMAL SEMANTICS
  1. IT IS BASED ON STRUCTURE AND GRAMMAR.
  2. THE MEANING HAS TO BE TOTTALY CLEAR (UNAMBIGUOUS)
  3. FOLLOWS FREGE'S PRINCIPLE OF COMPOSITIONALITY
    1. THE MEANING OF THE WHOLE IS A FUNCTION OF THE MEANING OF THE PARTS.
  4. IT'S CONCERNED WITH HOW WORDS ARE RELATED TO OBJECTS IN THE WORLD AND HOW COMBINATIONS OF WORDS PRESERVE OR NOT THR TRUTH-CONDITIONS OF THEIR COMPONENTS.
2. COGNITIVE SEMANTICS
  1. IT'S BASED ON BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ISSUES.
  2. IT GETS THE BODY LANGUAGE AS AN ELEMENT TO UNDERSTAND THE MEANING.
OBJECT OF STUDY
1. IT'S MUCH MORE SLIPPERY, MORE ALUSIVE (MEANING).
  1. WE HAVE TO GO TO THE NATURE OF THE MEANING (MIND).
  2. MEANING: IS THAT SOMETHING THAT WAS IN THE SPREAKER'S MIND AND LATER IS IN THE HEARER'S MIND.
    1. THE MOST IMPORTANT TYPES OF MEANING
      1. CONNOTATIVE (Subjective)
        MEANING GIVEN BY THE GROUP IN WHICH WE SOCIALIZED-
      2. DENOTATIVE (Objective)
        MEANING GIVEN BY AN INSTITUTION (OXFORD OR CAMBRIDGE)
  3. THE GOAL IS TO ANALIZE "THE MEANING THAT LINGUISTICS ELEMENTS EXPRESS.

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SEMANTICS

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	Created by Laura Alejandra Amaya Galindo over 4 years ago