'Hypercorrection'?
(Form of over-formality -
to create prestige)
Convergence (to fit in) vs.
Divergence (to stand out)
Non standard
Regional dialects
Convergence vs. Divergence
Inaccurate grammar
Feature of spontaneous
speech - language learners
Phrases
Noun phrase
Consists of the Head Noun,
along with Adjectives
(Pre/Post-modifiers), and
Determiners
'That(D) awkward little(PM) idiot(HN)...'
Prepositional phrase - Is
used within a noun phrase
to give additional detail to
the place/time to the
overall phrase
'Top(PM) stories(HN)
[of the week(PP)]...'
Verb phrase - a phrase
which utilises verbs in
order to make sense
Cement
[tipped(VP)] into
lake
Syntactical
space fillers
Subject - Who/what performs
the action of the verb
Finite verb - the
action/state
Complement - 'completes'/adds
meaning to the subject
Adverbial - Informs about
the time/place/manner,
object is
Indirect object/direct object
- The 'thing' of the sentence
that the verb takes
Building
blocks
of
clauses
Sentence types
Simple
sentances
Consisting
of just a
main
clause
Eg, [The cat slept]
Compound
Consisting of two or
more main clauses,
normally joined by 'and'
Eg, [The cat slept] and
[the children played]
Complex
Consisting of a
subordinate, and a
main clause
Eg, [The cat slept]{whilst the children played]
Elliptical
sentences/minor
sentances
The omission of
words from available
syntactical spaces
within a sentance
Eg, '(You) Shut up!'
The omitted/ellipted words
are implied/understood
Nouns
Proper
Begin with a capital
letter and refer to
specific people or
places
Eg, London,
Michael
Common
Refer to types
of people ,
places and
feelings - less
specific than
proper nouns
Eg, city,
man,
planet
Concrete
Things that we
can physically
see and feel
Eg, hand, table, computer, dog
Abstract
They don't physically exist
- feelings and ideas
Eg,
friendship,
sadness,
democracy
Collective
Groups of people,
animals or objects
Team, family, flock
Verbs
Main verb
A single verb that
expresses meaning
Auxiliary verbs
Verbs placed in front
of main verbs
Eg, 'I must have been
[thinking(AV)] about
someone else
Modal auxiliary
Deontic modality
Expressions
of permission
Using words such
as 'can' 'must'
Epistemic modality
Expression of possibility
Using words such as
'may' 'should' 'could'
Primary
Verbs such as
be, have, do
Adverbs
Gives us more
information
about the verb
Eg, 'She ran [quickly]'
Sentence functions
Declarative
Subject+Object, states
directly who is doing what
Interrogative
Creates question by
reversing the subject and
verb positions
Eg, 'Is(V) it(S) a dog?'
Imperative
Commands, normally
elliptical, lacking in the
grammatical object
Eg, 'Please go away'
OR 'sit down'
Active and Passive voice
Active voice
Eg, The cat(S)
caught(V) the
mouse(O)
The syntactical space for
the subject is always
before the finite verb
Passive voice
When the object is in
the place of the subject
Eg, The mouse(O) was
caught(V) by the cat(S)
Passive voice often used by Newspapers
- it allows them to omit the 'agent' or the
subject of the sentence and therefore
reduce responsibility for an action
Eg, BOMBS(o) DROPPED(v) ON CAPITAL(pp) -
however, we don't know who did the
dropping of the bombs, eliminates the
Adjectives
Comparatives
Hotter, bigger
Superlatives
Hottest, biggest
Pre/post modification
Whether they are put
before or after the noun
Pronouns
Personal
Replaces the subject or the
object of the sentence