Safety (great difficulty with conditions of uncertainty)vs risk taking
Stability vs innovation and change
Managerial attitudes
Centralized decision making(top managers make all important
decisions) vs decentralized decision making(middle and lower lvl
manager can make key deicisions
Informal procedures vs formal procedures (follow rigidly)
Employees behaviour
Individual rewards vs group rewards
High(identify strongly with organization) vs low
organizational loyalty (people identify with their
occupational group e.g. engineer)
Hofstede culture models management practices
Power distance
(how cultures deal
with inequality)
High
Inequality is good, everyone has a place
Employees expect to be told what to do,
power is centralized
Low
Decentralized power
Uncertainty avoidance (tolerance of being open,the way that a society deals
with the fact that the future can never be known)
High
abide by rules
structured system
Low
risk taking
train to adapt
Individualism
High
everyone is expected to look after
themselves and immediate family
Individual achievement is ideal
Low (collectivist society)
Integrate into strong cohesive in-groups from birth
Believes one's identity is based on group membership
Group decision making is best
Look after one another in exchange for loyalty
Masculinity (emphasis on work goals or personal goals)
High/ Masculine
driven by competition,
achievement and success, with
success defined as winner
Low/ Feminine
Caring for others and quality of lif quality
of life is the sign of success and standing
out from the crowd is not admirable
High/ Masculine
driven by competition, achievement and
success, success being defined as winner
Low/ Feminine
Caring for others and quality of life is important
quality of life is the sign of success and
standing out from the crowd is not admirable
Long term orientated
Long term orientation
Long term orientation
sensitivity to social relationships
promotion is base on seniority and loyalty
invest in long term employment skills
value patience, saving, thrift, investing for the future,
acceptance of slow results
Selection of employees is base on fit of personal
and educational characteristics to the company
Short term orientation
Focus on immediate usable skills
Results in high employee turnover rates
short -term rewards that focus on pay and rapid promotion