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411363
Pathology of the Alimentary Tract 1 (Oral Cavity & Oesophagus)
Description
Doctorate Pathology (Systems Pathology) Mind Map on Pathology of the Alimentary Tract 1 (Oral Cavity & Oesophagus), created by melian.yates on 03/12/2013.
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pathology
systems pathology
pathology
systems pathology
doctorate
Mind Map by
melian.yates
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
melian.yates
about 11 years ago
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Resource summary
Pathology of the Alimentary Tract 1 (Oral Cavity & Oesophagus)
Alimentary Tract
Normal Histology (Alimentary Tract)
Stratified Squamous epithelium
Mouth
Oesophagus
Non-glandular part of stomach: Pigs, Horses
Forestomachs: Ruminants
Anus:
Keratinized: Ruminants, Horses, Pigs
Non- Keratinized: Dogs & Cats
Simple columnar glandular epithelium
Stomach; Abomasum
Surface epithelium
Simple tubular glands
Chief (peptic, zymogen) cells: Pepsinogen
Parietal (oxyntic) cells: HCl
Neuroendocrine cells
Stem cells: Neck of gland
Small intestine
Progenitor cells: Crypts
Enterocytes: Villi
Mucous (goblet) cells
Neuroendocrine cells
Large Intestine
Enterocytes: Crypts, surface epithelium
Mucous(goblet) cells
Defense Mechanisms (Alimentary Tract)
GI tract sterile at birth -> becomes colonized w/ bacteria
Routes of Entry:
Oral ingestion
Secretions swallowed from the respiratory tract
Haematogenous dissemination
Parasite migration
Secretions
Saliva
Mucous
Inhibits contact w/ mucosa, protects surface
Acid
Parietal cells in stomach
Digestive enzymes
Salivary amylase, Pepsin from gastric chief cells, pancreatic & SI enzymes
Bile secretions
Kill some pathogens
Flushing effect & antibacterial components (Ex. lysozyme, secretory IgA)
Epithelium
Mucosal barrier
Stomach, Intestine
Tight junctions (b/w epithelial cells)
Prevent entry of macromolecules & pathogens (but allows ions & H2O to diffuse through)
Very high cell turnover
Stratified Squamous epithelium
Oral cavity
Multilayered
Relatively high cell turnover
Keratinized surface layer at some sites
Commensal Flora
Act as barrier to pathogens
Secrete VFAs & compete w/ pathogens for nutrients
Essential for digestion in herbivores
Any disequilibrium of microflora can lead to disease
Movement
Continuous movement/peristalsis discourages persistence of insult/agent
Cell-mediated & Humoral Defenses
Lamina propria:
Macrophages, B & T Lymphocytes, Plasma cells, mast cells
Epithelium:
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (T lymphocytes)
Lymphoid Aggregates:
Peyer's Patches (esp. ileum), GALT
Ab production (esp. secretory IgA)
Regional Lymph Nodes
Omental macrophages
Inflammation in the Alimentary Tract
Vascular changes
Hyperaemia (Congestion)
Reddening, Oedema
Haemorrhage: Petechiae, Ecchymoses
Exudates
Serous/Mucous/Seromucous: Catarrhal
Suppurative (Purulent)
Mucopurulent
Diptheritic: Fibrin & Necrotic material, secondary bactrerial invasion
Oral Cavity
Defense Mechanisms (Oral Cavity):
Taste buds
Normal bacterial flora
Saliva (flushing, coating, lysozyme & Igs)
Developmental Anomalies (Oral Cavity)
Brachygnathia superior/inferior
Short maxilla/mandible
Prognathia
Abnormal prolongation of maxilla/mandible
Cleft palate/palatoschisis
Inadequate growth of palatine shelves leaves a central defect
Communication of nasal & oral cavities may result in aspiration pneumonia & problems w/ suckling
Affects hard &/or soft palate
Hare lip/cheiloschisis
Absence of part of lip rostral to nasal septum
Inflammatory Lesions (Oral Cavity)
Inflammation predominates in Chronic lesions of bacterial or fungal origin
Granulomatous inflammation
Actinobacillosis ("Wooden togue")
Actinobacillus lignieresii
Actinomycosis ("Lumpy jaw")
Actinomyces bovis
Mandible becomes enlarged due to chronic osteomyelitis
Eosinophilic Inflammation
Oral eosinophilic granuloma (Cats)
Necrotizing Inflammation
Calf diptheria
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Coagulative necrosis & surrounding granulation tissue affecting the gingival & oral mucosa
Vesicular Inflammation
Often viral
Vesicular, ulcerative or proliferative patterns may also co-exist or progress (e.g. vesicles -> ulcers)
Foot & mouth disease
Feline calcivirus
Erosive Inflammation
Ulcers may progress from vesicles, but can also be caused by: some bacterial & immune-mediated diseases, trauma
Feline calcivirus & Feline herpesvirus
Causes mouth ulceration
Mucosal Disease
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)
Causes ulceration of oral cavity, muzzle & more distal alimentary ytact
Immune - mediated diseases
Autoantibodies directed against epithelial cell surface Ags
Ex. Pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigold (Dogs, Cats & Horses)
Papular Inflammation
Proliferative (papular) lesions
Contagious pustular dermatitis ("orf")
Firm, raised papules & pustules on lips & oral mucosa
Sheep & Goats
Hydrophobic degeneration, mixed inflammatory cell infiltration & secondary bacterial invasion
Neoplasia (Oral Cavity)
Epithelial Tumors
Papillomas
Benign
Raised, sometimes cauliflower-like lesions (Lips & Oral Mucosa)
Thick squamous epithelium over a branching pedunculated fibrous stroma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant
Most common oral malignancy (Cats)
Ventrolateral tongue
Locally invasive +/- metastases
Composed of elevated firm, white plaques or nodules that may ulcerate
Irregular masses & cords of squamous epithelium invading the lamina propria
May be circular pearls of keratin
Melanoma
Tumor of pigment producing melanocytes
Most common oral neoplasm (Dog)
Nearly always Malignant (in oral cavity)
Grow rapidly & are not always pigmented
Oval or spindle-shaped melanocytes w/ variable melanin content
Epulis
Group of benign neoplasms of peridontal origin affecting gingivae
Particularly in brachycephalic Dog breeds (boxer)
Firm lesions on gums, surrounding teeth, esp. carnassial/canine region
Dense collagenous & sometimes ossified tissue covered with stratified squamous epithelium (descends into dermis in cords)
Oesophagus
Congenital Anomalies
Segmental aplasia
Rare failure of fusion
Band of fibrous tissue where distal oesophagus should be
Achalasia
Failure of cardiac sphincter to open
Functional (Neuromuscular) Disorders
Megaesophagus
Dilated oesophagus lacks peristalsis
Accumulates ingesta due to underlying neuromuscular disorder (or obstruction), but lower oesophageal sphincter is usually normal
Aspiration pneumonia may be a sequel
Idiopathic
Developmental disorder of vagus nerve/motor nucleus (esp. Great Dane, German shepherd, Siamese cat)
Acquired
Neurological
Dysautonomias (ex. Equine grass sickness, feline dysautonomia), Myaesthenia gravis
Muscular
Myodegeneration (ex. nutritional myopathy (Vit. E/ selenium deficiency in cattle)
Obstruction
Intraluminal
Foreign bodies ("Choke")
Ex. Root vegetable, sugar beet pulp, bone
Most likely sites are narrow areas: Thoracic inlet, base of heart & cardiac sphincter
May cause inflammation, pressure necrosis, ulceration & perforation
Obstruction of Ruminant oesophagus may cause bloat
Healing may cause narrowing (Stricture)
Intramural (w/in wall of oesophagus)
Inflammatory lesion (abscess, granulation tissue), fibrosis or neoplasm => Narrowing
Extrinsic ( outside the oesophagus)
Vascular ring anomaly (persistent RT. aortic arch constricts oesophagus & leads to megaoesophagus cranially)
Also pressure from abscess, haematoma, neoplasm
Inflammation (Oesophagitis)
Reflux Oesophagitis
Damage from gastric acid due to gastric-oesophageal reflux or vomiting
=> Erosion of epithelium (may progress to ulcers)
Infectious Agents
Ex. Actinobacillosis, feline calcivirus
Neoplasia
Papillomatosis
Cattle: Bovine papillomavirus type 4 (transforms squamous cell carcinoma w/ bracken fern toxins)
Squamous cell carcinoma
Cats
Leiomyoma
Benign tumor of smooth muscle
Media attachments
Bovine_Actinobacillosis (image/png)
Calf_diptheria__Necrotizing_inflammation_ (image/png)
Cleft_palate (image/png)
Foot___mouth_disease (image/png)
Bovine_viral_diarrhoea_virus (image/png)
Orf_histology (image/png)
Megaoesophagus (image/png)
Grass_sickness (image/png)
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