Coasts

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GCSE Geography Mind Map on Coasts, created by Ellen Laidlaw on 18/03/2014.
Ellen Laidlaw
Mind Map by Ellen Laidlaw, updated more than 1 year ago
Ellen Laidlaw
Created by Ellen Laidlaw almost 11 years ago
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Resource summary

Coasts
  1. Cliff Collapse
    1. Cliff Collapse is the continuous erosion of the cliff face by the sea. The hydraulic action of the waves and the process of abrasion undercut the cliff to form an overhang, which eventually collapses, meaning the cliff recedes.
    2. Coastal Figures
      1. From Deposition
        1. Beach
          1. Area of sand built up by the swash of constructive waves
          2. Spit
            1. Build up of sand out at sea by longshore drift when coastline changes direction.
            2. Bar
              1. When longshore drift continues, to join two headlands, cutting off a bay, a strip of land is formed.
            3. From Erosion
              1. Headland - hard rock jutting out at sea.
                1. Bay - soft rock between 2 headlands easily eroded to form curved shape.
                  1. Cliff - a vertical wall of rock bordering the sea.
                    1. Caves, Arches, Stacks and Stumps - formed from continuous erosion from the sea.
                  2. Coastal Management
                    1. Gabions - collection of pebbles in cage. Reduce impact of wave on the cliff. Cheap but not long-lasting.
                      1. Revetments - slanted wood planks that prevents cliff being undercut. Cheap, will rot and so are ineffective
                        1. Rock Armour - huge boulders placed to reduce impact of waves before a sea-wall. Cheap but ineffective in a big storm.
                          1. Sea Groyne - Wooden or rock fencing that sticks out at right angles to the coast to prevent longshore drift. Effectively protects beach, quite cheap but look ugly and can starve downcoast of sand.
                            1. Curved Sea Wall - reflects wave power to protect the cliff/land. Very effective, last a long time but quite expensive
                              1. Breakwater - Huge concrete blocks out at sea to reduce impact of wave before hitting beach. Produces more constructive waves than destructive. Very effective, last a long time but very expensive.
                                1. Beach Replenishment - soft engineering involving building up a beach with more sand. Looks natural, prevents beach eroding quickly, but quite expensive and is a continuous process.
                                  1. Managed Retreat - Simply doing nothing, allowing that area of coast to erode. Avoids all issues but we lose land and people lose homes etc.
                                  2. Sea Level Rise
                                    1. As a result of global warming, sea level is rising. The greenhouse gases warm the earth by trapping heat from the sun, causing the ice to melt and sea level to rise along with increased risk of flooding.
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