A smoker with chronic cough

Genetic basis of neoplasia
1. Normal cell
  1. DNA damage
    1. Failure of DNA repair
      1. Mutation in the genome of somatic cells
        Activation of growth-promoting oncogenes
        Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes
        Unregulated cell proliferation
        Alteration in genes that regulate apoptosis
        Decreased apoptosis
        Clonal expansion
        Tumor progression
        Malignant neoplasm
        Invasion and metastasis
        Grading and staging of cancer
        Grading: it's description of a tumor based on how abnormal the tumor cells and the tumor tissue look under a microscope
        Staging: stage refers to the extent of the cancer, such as how large the tumor is and if it has spread.
        Inherited mutations in: -Gene affecting DNA repair - Gene affecting cell growth or apoptosis
2. Acquired (environmental) DNA damaging agents: -Chemicals -Radiation- viruses
Benign vs malignant
Cancer Risk Factors
1. Age
2. Carcinogens
  1. Chemical
    1. Physical
      1. Biological
        Bacteria and viruses (infections)
      2. UV radiation Ionizing radiation
    2. Aflatoxin - Smoke - Polyhydrocarbons - Arsenic - Asbestos - Vinyl chloride - Food preservatives- Chemotherapeutic drugs
3. Hereditary (Genetic Mutations)
  1. Familial retinoblastoma - Familial Adenomatous polyposis- Li Fraumani syndrome - Xeroderma pigmentosum BRCA1, BRCA2 gene mutations - Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome
Smoking and Cancer
Tumor Nomenclature
Tumor markers
1. substances produced by tumor cells or by other cells of the body in response to cancer or certain benign (noncancerous) conditions
Diagnosis of cancer
1. Sampling approaches
  1. Biopsy (incision, excision, needle biopsy)
  2. Cytology (FNA, cytologic smears)
  3. Frozen section
2. Specimen collection
3. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
4. Flow cytometry
5. FISH
6. PCR
7. Gene expression profiling
8. Whole genome sequencing
9. Imaging tests
Cancer management
1. Treatment
  1. Chemptherapy
  2. Radiation
  3. Surgery
2. Follow up
  1. Recurrence of cancer - Side effects of treatment - BMI
  2. Mammography - ECG - Pulmonary Function test- CT scans and blood tests
cancer statistics in UAE
1. Men cancers
  1. 1- lung
    1. 2- Colorectal
      1. 3- Leukemia
        4- liver
        5- pancreas
2. Women cancers
  1. 1-Breast
  2. 2- Colorectal
    1. 3- leukemia
      1. 4- liver
        5- pancreas

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A smoker with chronic cough

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	Created by hamda ali about 8 years ago