ch 5

Questão	Responda
Heart is located in a space called the...	The mediastinum is an area in the chest (thoracic) cavity between the lungs; it primarily contains the trachea, esophagus, and the heart and the large vessels of the heart
3 Layers of the Heart (starting from the innermost layer)	1. epicardium – the outer protective layer of the heart, synonymous with visceral pericardium (inner layer of the sac) 2. myocardium – the thick, contractile, muscular middle layer of the heart 3. endocardium – the thin inner layer of the heart that is continuous with the lining of blood vessels
Pericardium	tough, double layered sac that surrounds the heart
Two layers of Pericardium	1. parietal pericardium – an outer tougher layer 2. visceral pericardium – an inner layer that adheres tightly to the heart (aka epicardium)
cardiovascular system, also called the circulatory system	maintains the distribution of blood throughout the body;consists of the heart and all the blood vessels in the body
Oxygenated blood	Blood leaving the heart is rich in oxygen
deoxygenated blood	Blood coming back from systemic circulation is oxygen poor
3 Divisons of Cardiovascular circulation	1. systemic circulation - carries oxygenated blood away from heart to tissues and cells and then back to heart 2. Pulmonary circulation - between the heart and lungs transports deoxygenated blood to lungs to get oxygen and then back to heart 3. Coronary/cardiac circulation- heart and arteries and veins circulate blood to and from the muscles
pericardial cavity	a serous fluid-filled cavity between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium
shunt	to divert; to turn off to one side
vasodilation	dilation a blood vessel
vasoconstriction	constriction of blood vessel
right atrium	blood returning from systemic circulation enters this chamber via the superior and inferior vena cava (veins) and is then delivered to the right ventricle with the first contraction of every heart beat (Note: The first contraction of each heart beat simultaneously contracts both atria.)
right ventricle	receives blood from the right atrium and with each secondary heart contraction the blood is pushed into the lungs (pulmonary circulation) (Note: There is a secondary contraction of the heart that simultaneously contracts both ventricles.)
left atrium	blood coming from the lungs (pulmonary circulation) enters this chamber and is then delivered to the left ventricle with the first contraction of every heart beat
left ventricle	receives blood from the left atrium and with each secondary heart contraction it is pushed into the systemic circulation through the aorta
Name of valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle	mitral valve or left atrioventricular valve
Name the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle	Tricuspid valve or right atrioventricular
Because the valve from the right ventricle connects to the lungs it is called...	Pulmonary valve (right semilunar valve)
Because the valve from the left ventricle connects to the aorta it is called...	aortic valve (left semilunar valve)
Sinoatrial node/ SA node	pacemaker of the heart
Conduction system of the heart	The electric impulse by the SA node travels to the atrioventricular node (AV node) to the atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His) to the left and right bundle branches to Purkinje fibers, contained in the walls of the ventricles.
The head is divided into right and left halves by the...	Septum
Largest vein in the body	Vena cava
Inferior vena cava	the large vein that delivers deoxygenated blood from the trunk and legs the empties into the right atrium of the heart
superior vena cava	the large vein that delivers deoxygenated blood from the head and arms to the right atrium
pulmonary arteries	are the only arteries that carry DEOXYGENATED blood bc they are carrying blood away from the heart to the lungs to release CO2 and pick up O2
pulmonary veins	are the only veins that carry OXYGENATED blood bc they are bringing freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart to be distributed to the rest of the body
aorta	the largest artery of the body; rises from the left ventricle
systole	contraction phase of the heart
diastole	relaxation phase of the heart
arteries	carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to body tissues
veins	carry oxygen-poor blood from body tissues back to the heart
arteriole	little artery
venules	small veins that receive the depleted hemoglobin and wastes from the capillaries
Capillaries	Transfer of O2 and nutrients to cells and extraction of CO2 and waste from cells take place in the capillaries which joins arterioles to venules
tunica	coat; a membranous covering of an organ or a distinct layer of the wall of a hollow structure
intima	innermost
media	middle
adventitia	outer (literally - coming from abroad)
tunica intima	is the innermost layer of the arteries and veins. It is composed of a thin layer of endothelial cells and line the entire circulatory system from your heart and the large arteries all the way to the smallest capillaries.
tunica media -	a muscular middle layer of the arteries and veins. Arteries are thicker than veins
tunica adventitia	and a fibrous connective tissue outer layer that contains nerves Blood pressure is much higher in arteries than in veins. Veins also contain valves at various intervals to control the direction of the blood flow back to the heart.
Primary layers of arteries and veins	1. tunica intima 2. tunica media 3. tunica adventitia
arterial	pertaining to arteries
venous	pertaining to, composed of, or affecting veins
arteriovenous	pertaining to both arteries and veins
atrial	pertaining to the atria
ventricular	pertaining to a ventricle
atrioventricular	pertaining to an atrium and a ventricle
cardiopulmonary	pertaining to the heart and lungs
septal	pertaining to a septum
pericardial	pertaining to the pericardium
endocardial	pertaining to the endocardium
myocardial	pertaining to the myocardium
pulmonary	pertaining to the lungs
aortic	pertain to the aorta
intraaortic	within the aorta
valval	pertaining to a valve
valvular	pertaining to or having valves
vasodilation	stretching or dilation of a vessel
vasoconstriction	the narrowing of a blood vessel
heart rate	the rate at which the heart is beating, also referred to as the pulse rate
blood pressure	the pressure exerted by the circulating blood volume against the walls of the arteries and veins and on the chambers of the heart; direct measurement can only be obtained by heart catheterization; indirect blo
hypertension	excessive or increased blood pressure
hypotension	insufficient or decreased blood pressure
normotensive	the state of having a normal blood pressure, which is approximately 120/80 in adults
tachycardia	an increased pulse rate that is greater than 100 beats per minute (bpm
bradycardia	a decreased pulse rate that is less than 60 beats per minute
cardiology	the study of the heart
cardiologist	one who studies the heart
phlebotomist	a person with special training in the practice of drawing blood
phlebotomy/venipuncture	opening of a vein to draw blood for laboratory analysis
angiogram	x-ray record of a vessel taken during angiography
angiography	the process of taking x-rays of blood vessels
electrocardiography	the process of recording the electrical currents of the heart
electrocardiograph	the name of the instrument that records the electrical currents of the heart
electrocardiogram	the recording produced by the electrocardiograph
cardiovascular disease	any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels; the leading cause of death in the U.S.
congenital heart disease	any heart disease that is present at birth
atriomegaly	abnormal enlargement of the atrium
cardiomyopathy	a general diagnostic term that designates primary myocardial disease. In other words, the disease originated in the myocardium
endocarditis	inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, caused by infection microorganisms
myocarditis	a cardiomyopathy that results in insufficient oxygen, damaged valves or high blood pressure. This may be caused by an infection, rheumatic fever, a chemical agent or a complication of another disease
pericarditis	inflammation of the pericardium owing to an infectious microorganism, a cancerous growth, or a variety of other causes
cardiomegaly / macrocardia	enlargement of the heart; can be a congenital condition or the result of an increasing growth in heart muscle to compensate for a heart disease/disorder. (Though macrocardia is technically a medical term, this condition is referred always referred to as cardiomegaly.)
microcardia	an abnormally small heart
atrial septal defect	an abnormal opening in the septum between the right and left atria
ventricular septal defect	an abnormal opening in the septum dividing the right and left ventricles
arrhythmia or dysrhythmia	a variation in the normal beating pattern or rhythm or your heart; either means your heartbeat is irregular (Instead of a regular rhythm of beat…beat...beat, the rhythm could be beat…….beat…beat...beat……..beat) or that you have an irregular pattern arising via the conduction system of the heart
atrial fibrillation	a cardiac arrhythmia that results from disorganized electrical activity in the atria resulting in reduced stroke volume; not as life-threatening as ventricular fibrillation
ventricular fibrillation	a severe life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in which contractions of the ventricles are too rapid or uncoordinated for effective blood circulation; instead of a complete squeezing of the ventricles to push blood out to the body, the ventricle muscle has more of a quivering motion which does not adequately push blood out to the rest of the body
palpitations	subjective reports of a pounding or racing of the heart
asystole	cardiac arrest, an absence of a heartbeat
angiitis	inflammation of a blood vessel
angiospasm	an involuntary muscle contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of a vessel
angiostenosis	the narrowing of a vessel
aneurysm	the ballooning out of an artery
anoxia	an absence of oxygen; worse than hypoxia, which is a lower than normal level of oxygen
effusion	the escape of fluid into a part, such as a cavity
embolus	the obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot (blood or fat) that originated as a thrombus (clot) or from surgery/damage elsewhere in the body
hemorrhagic shock	results from excessive blood loss that is most frequently associated with trauma
hypovolemia	abnormally low circulating blood volume
infarct	a localized area of tissue death (necrosis) due to failure of blood supply to the tissue
myocardial infarct or heart attack	a localized area of tissue death to heart muscle due to an obstruction of blood flow such as a clot in a coronary artery
ischemia	insufficient blood flow to any tissue
myocardial ischemia	insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart
murmurs	abnormal heart sounds – such as whooshing or swishing – made by turbulent blood in or near your heart
orthostatic hypotension	the sudden drop in blood pressure a person experiences when sitting or standing up suddenly
plaque	a yellow, fatty deposit of lipids (fats) in an artery that is the hallmark of atherosclerosis
regurgitation	to flow backward; in the cardiovascular system this refer to the backflow of blood through a valve
stenosis	a constriction or narrowing
thrombus	a blood clot forming within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude the vessel
valvular stenosis	a valve of the hear is constricted, resulting in it not fully opening
shock	a life-threatening condition in which there is inadequate blood flow to the body’s tissues and is usually associated with inadequate cardiac output, hypotension and tissue damage. Causes of shock include: neurogenic shock, hemorrhagic shock, hypovolemic shock, septic shock, anaphylactic shock.
thombophlebitis	inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot
varicose veins	swollen and knotted veins caused by sluggish blood flow in combination with weakened walls and incompetent valves
venous thrombosis	formation of a thrombus in a vein, may be a complication of phlebitis, injury or prolonged bed confinement (Ex: Flying in airplanes for long distances is known to cause deep vein thrombosis [DVT]. People affected usually complain of leg pain within days of flying. It usually only affects one leg and occurs in the calf or thigh. The area affected may become edematous (swollen), erythematous (reddened), or feel warm to the touch.
aneurysmectomy	to cut out an aneurism; surgical removal of the aneurysm
embolectomy	surgical removal of an embolism (clot) from a blood vessel
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)	a basic emergency procedure for life support to provide artificial respirations and cardiac compressions
defibrillator	an electronic device that is that sends a shock to the heart to override the fibrillation in order to get the heart to return to a normal rhythm (The whole body is shocked which is very painful to the patient.)
prolapse	to fall out of the normal position
shunt	a bypass, diversion or passage between two natural channels
stent	a device placed within a blood vessel to widen the lumen
valvoplasty	surgical repair of a heart valve
antiarrhythmic	reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias
anticoagulant	prevents blood clot formation
diuretic	increased urine production by the kidneys, which works to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume, resulting in lower blood pressure
vasoconstrictor	contracts smooth muscles in walls of the blood vessels; raises blood pressure
vasodilator	relaxes smooth muscles in the walls of arteries, thereby increasing the diameter of the blood vessel; increases blood pressure and/or increases circulation to an ischemic area

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	Criado por Agasana Viengmany aproximadamente 7 anos atrás