Human Biology Year 1 Midterm 1 Genetics (plus all TOPHAT)

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University Human Biology FlashCards sobre Human Biology Year 1 Midterm 1 Genetics (plus all TOPHAT), criado por michellelynnlebl em 02-10-2014.
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FlashCards por michellelynnlebl, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por michellelynnlebl aproximadamente 10 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão Responda
What is pangenesis? Heredity between species, strange blending (example minotaur).
What was preformationism? Traits are transmitted directly (even Darwin believed this)
What did Lamarck think? Traits would blend. From simple to advance forms (perfection). Transmutation: species change over time. Acquired traits.
What did JB Lamarck write? Philosophie Zoologique
Define: Heritable trait characteristics of an individual that can be passed on from one generation to the next.
Define: Gene The determinant factor of a characteristic of an organism. A sequence of DNA that codes for the production of a particular protein. Often these lead to an observable phenotype.
Define: Locus the specific place on a chromosome where the gene is located
Define: allele one of the possibnle states (variations) of a gene. The specific nucleotides in the DNA. Are demonstrated as letters; eg: A or a, indicating dom or rec.
Define: Genotype the genes, alleles, that an individual possesses.
Define: phenotype the observable attributes of an individual that come from genotype. Often called "trait"
Define: True Blending a group of genetically identical individuals that always produce offspring of the same phenotype when interbred. Often used in agriculture & show/ race animals.
Define: homozygote a diploid organism with 2 copies of the same allele for a gene (homozygous) eg TT or tt
Define: heterozygote A diploid organism with different alleles for a gene (heterozygous) ex Tt
Why was Mendel lucky with the plant and phenotypes he chose to observe? He chose phenotypes with dominant/recessive relationships.
Name 4 reasons why Mendel chose the pea plants. -easy to cultivate -pollination was easy to control -Male and female parts in same flower, self-fertilizing (helps with the establishing of the breeding lines) -Some work had already been done
What do P and F1 stand for? P= parent generation F1= first filial generation
Define: monohybrid cross Hybrid for one character
Define: Reciprocal cross A paired cross in which the genotype of the male in one cross is present in the genotype in the female in the second cross and vice versa.
Define: self monoecious (having both male and female organs) plants crossed with themselves
Define: Law of Segregation Parents' alleles stay segregated
Name Mendel's four postulates -Unit factors (alleles) in pairs (genes) [one from mom and one from dad] -Dominance and recessiveness -Segregation (no blending) -Independent assortment
Name Mendel's 2 laws -Law of segregation and law of -independent assortment
3 points on the Law of Segregation -Factors (alleles) stay separate from each other in the body -Either can be passed on to offspring -There is no blending
Why are Punnett Squares useful? To predict and keep track of the allele combinations in cross
Know what a dihybrid cross is Okay.
The prodcuts or meiosis are: 4 haploid cells
The products of mitosis are: 2 diploid cells
The presence of Cyclin regulates passage through the check points in the cell cycle, what regulates the presence of Cyclin? cell size and age
Passage through the check points in the cell cycle is regulated by? cyclin
When both chromosomes of the same type (in a diploid cell) are replicated, they consist of which? 1 homologous pair, 2 chromosomes, 4 chromatids
What is a homologous pair? A pair of the same chromosome type (consisting of one chromososme from each parent
What is a chromatid? A replicated chromosome consisting of 2 identical sister copies
What is a chromosome? A structure consisting of DNA and histone that contain genes
The scientific method (3 points) Is based on obeservation, hypothesis, and testing; Can lead to valid, but incorrect theories; Is based on falsification Select all of the above that apply
Scientific is: Understanding the natural world through natural means; SUbject to bias; Knowledge based on the best and most recent evidence
Which of the following apply to mitosis: a Produces 2 cells b Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell c DNA is recombined in prophase 1 d Produces 4 habloid sex cells e Conserve genome from one cell generation to the next f Occurs only in diploid cells g Growth and repair h Conserves the amount of genetic information from one generation to the next ABEG
What condition allows for male calico cats? XXY
Red hair is recessive (rr). How do you explain a red hair child from a blond hair mother and brown hair father, when we know the child has a blond and brown allele. Epistasis
The AB blood type is a example of? co-dominance
Wavy hair texture in an offspring who's mother has curly hair and who's father has straight hair is an example of? Incomplete dominance
Regardless of how many alleles are in a population, a diploid organism can have at most... 2
What were the F1 results when Mendel crossed true breeding tall plants with true breeding dwarf plants? All tall
What did Lamarck think happened to the parents traits in the offspring? blend
When breeding two Palominos, what is the expected phenotype ratios? 1/2 palominos 1/4 chestnut 1/4 cremello
Can you have true breeding palominos? No
Which of the following apply to meiosis: a Produces 2 cells b Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell c DNA is recombined in prophase 1 d Produces 4 habloid sex cells e Conserve genome from one cell generation to the next f Occurs only in diploid cells g Growth and repair h Conserves the amount of genetic information from one generation to the next CDFH
Which of the following apply to mitosis: a Produces 2 cells b Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell c DNA is recombined in prophase 1 d Produces 4 habloid sex cells e Conserve genome from one cell generation to the next f Occurs only in diploid cells g Growth and repair h Conserves the amount of genetic information from one generation to the next ABEG
What is co-dominance? Situation in which the individual expression of both alleles is in the phenotype. (3rd phenotype expressed as a blend of the 2 dominant alleles; no corresponding allele for that phenotype, just a dual expression) ex- black and white spots are black and white alleles
What is incomplete dominance? The situation in which both alleles influence the phenotype. (looks like lamarcks blending) ex- grey chickens are black and white alleles
Are blood types an example of multiple alleles? Yes, (polymorphic)
Give an exanple of dominance heiarchy Black over brown over light brown
Know lethal alleles okay
What is epistasis? Interaction between genes such that one prevents the expression of another gene. cc masks C even though its recessive
What is the chromosomal theory of inheritance? Chromosomes are the carriers of genes and the basis for the mendelian mechanismsof segregation and independent assortment (in meiosis)
Define: Homogametic -The sex with copiesof the same sex chromosome (females) -It can produce only one type of game with respect to sex chromosomes (x)
Define: Heterogametic -The sex with 2 different copies of the sex chromosome (males) -It can produce 2 different types of gametes with respect to sex chromosomes.
Define: hemizygous The condition where a gene is present in a single dose in an otherwise diploid organism.
Who came up with the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance? Walter Sutton and Theodor Bover

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