284264
Descrição
FlashCards por miriamadaeze, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por miriamadaeze
aproximadamente 11 anos atrás
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| Questão | Responda |
| Variety of life, including variation among genes, species and functional traits | Biodiversity |
| process that produces adaptations resulting from differential reproductive success among organisms in the same population | Natural Selection |
| Characteristics that suit organism to their environment | Adaptation |
| Number of viable offspring produced during an organism's lifetime | Reproductive Success |
| Reproductive success of an organism relative to others in the same population | Fitness |
| What are the conditions necessary for natural selection? | Phenotypic variation- variation in traits, different fitnesses, and phenotypic variation is heritable |
| What are the three modes of natural selection | Stabilizing, Directional, and Diversifying or disruptive |
| Industrial Melanism in peppered moths | According to Kettlewell, Bird predation. the carbonaria moths blended in better during pollution so their frequency increased |
| Severe drought caused a drop in population and only large seeds were available and cracked by birds with large beaks. what kind of selection was this? | Directional selection |
| Give an example of a frequency dependent experiment | Rare and common guppies were put in different pools. the predators had developed a search pattern for the common so the rare one increased thus creating polymorphism |
| Phenotypic variation during an individuals lifetime caused by environmental variation | Phenotypic plasticity |
| Test for phenotypic plasticity by Losos | Raised lizards in cages with only narrow perches and they developed shorter legs and its stronger in females than males. |
| Increases the frequency of genes from individuals with the highest fitness at expense of others | Individual selection |
| increases the fitness of other individuals at its own expense | Altruist |
| Increases the frequency of genes from individuals with highest inclusive fitness | Kin Selection |
| individuals fitness + relative's fitness | Inclusive fitness |
| can live exclusively on inorganic sources of carbon, nitrogen, and other resources | autotrophs |
| use energy from sunlight to power metabolism, growth, and resource gathering | Photoautotrophs |
| use preformed organic molecules as food | heterotrophs |
| relationship between the benefit and cost of a trait in a different environment | Trade-off |
| what kind of morph occurs in area with heavy surf | steamlined morph |
| what kind of morph occurs in areas with calmer waters | bumpy morph |
| All life functions cannot be simultaneously maximized, leading to tradeoffs | principle of allocation |
| an aquatic heterotroph that removes suspended particles from water | filter feeders |
| these feeders consume dead organic matter | deposit feeder |
| active hunters of live organisms using speed/stealth | predators |
| feed on a variety of species to obtain a balanced diet | generalists |
| evolution of increased efficiency of feeding on few species | specialists |
| total range of environmental conditions that are suitable for a species existence without the effects of other species | fundamental niche |
| part of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies caused by interactions with other species | realized niche |
| these animals keep a constant body temperature | regulators (humans) |
| their body temperature is a reflection of the environmental temperature | Thermal Conformers |
| obtain their body heat from the environment (fish, amphibians) | Ectotherms |
| Produce their own body heat by shivering, oxidizing brown fat | Endotherms |
| relatively long term response by an organism to environmental change | acclimation |
| why is metabolic rate lower in winter acclimated fox? | because in the winter, they have more insulation and brown fat and don't have to shiver to keep warm but its opposite in summer so this increases their metabolic rate |
| what are some traits that decrease water loss in plants? | Waxy covering to leaf, low surface area, wilting |
| what are some traits that increase water loss in plants? | deep tap roots, storing water during times of plenty |
| distribution of organisms in space at one moment in time | Dispersion |
| what are the types of dispersion? | Random pattern, clumped (most common) and uniform pattern (territory) |
| compare home range to territory | all animals have home range, not all have territories. Home ranges can overlap but territories cannot and finally territories are defended by home ranges aren't. |
| what are the four functions of territory | Feeding, Mating, predator avoidance, and reduce disease |
| What is the evidence for feeding hypothesis | Ovenbirds Territory size varies according to variation in food density. |
| Evidence for mating hypothesis | Territory size in lizards saw that adults had larger territories that allowed for more female territories as opposed to juveniles |
| why are some animals territorial and others not? | Economics of Resource Defense theory: If territoriality net benefit outweighs the cost then they own a territory |
| When individuals live together in groups due to their mutual attraction for one another | Sociality |
| Interactions among individuals in which all benefit | Cooperation |
| Why are some species social and others solitary | Species should be social when benefits > costs |
| Study: Relations between flocking and predation in Starlings by Powell | Individuals in flock spent less time surveying for predators, had less reaction time, and spent more time feeding |
| What was the outcome of study on Merlins predation on sandpipers | Flocking reduces the success rate of the merlins catching the sandpipers |
| The entire span of an organism from fertilization to death | Life cycle |
| Juvenile forms emerge from mother in adult like form | direct development |
| When offsprings begin in larval stage with metamorphosis into adult form | Indirect development |
| 2 benefits of dispersal | escape from competition and avoid inbreeding with relatives |
| 2 costs of dispersal | high risk of individual morality, reduced feeding and growth |
| no bonding, doesn't go beyond copulation. one night stand | promiscuity |
| one male mates and remains associated with one female | Monogamy |
| member of one sex mates and remains associated with more than one member of the opposite sex | Polygamy |
| One male mates and remains with more than one female | polygyny |
| males set up large territories, allow female, but excludes other males | resource defense polygyny |
| male follows the females around as they forage and drive off other males from their vicinity | Female defense polygyny |
| Area where males assembles and stake out individual territories then females come and choose mates | Lek |
| One female mates with more than one male | Polyandry |
| The most common- females set up large territories and exclude other females | Resource defense polyandry |
| evolution of traits which may decrease an individual's chance of survival but increase its ability to acquire mates | sexual selection |
| a period of ritualized behavioral pattern before mating | courtship |
| Sexual dimorphism and its characteristics | sexes have different morphological traits: In polygyny, males are larger and showier and in polyandry its the opposite. |
| Investment of time and energy towards offspring | Parental Care: Polygyny-higher in females and polyandry- higher in males. in monogamous male and female provide parental care. |
| Study of Nesting by Redwing Blackbirds in Marshes | the size of the territory of the male determines how many females he will mate with. |
| A group of same species individuals living in a particular place | population |
| number of individuals in the population | Population Size |
| Number of individuals per unit area in the population | population density |
| two ways to measure population density | absolute density and relative density |
| does population density INCREASE or DECREASE with body size? | decreases |
| why is population density relative to body size greater for mammals than birds? | birds are more territorial than mammals. |
| study of the vital statistics of a population and how they vary with age | demographics |
| list of the vital statistics of a population | life table |
| group of individuals in a population born about the same time | cohort |
| Proportion of individuals born that survives to age X | survivorship (lx) |
| Average number of offspring produced by an individual of age X | Age specific fecundity (Mx) |
| Average number of offspring produced by an individual during its entire lifetime | Net Reproductive Rate (Ro). When >1, population decreases, when <1, population decreases and when =1, constant |
| Ave. age from when an individual is born to when its offspring are born | Generation time (T) |
| Age specific expectation of future reproduction | Reproductive Value (Vx). |
| Practical application of Reproductive value(Vx) | Fishing restrictions. large fishes should be restricted not small because they have highest Vx |
| change in the number of individuals per time unit | population growth |
| process when individuals share resources that are in short supply | competition |
| model of population growth with intraspecific competition | Logistic growth model. Also understand why its "S" shaped |
| study of how organisms are able to survive and function in their environment | physiological ecology |
| capacity of an organism to survive or reproduce when subjected to stressful environmental factors | tolerance |
| amount of energy used per time unit | metabolic rate |
| study of catfish and salmon and why do catfishes acclimate better? | in a graph of lethal temperature(y-axis) v. acclimating tempera.(x-axis), the catfishes had the steeper slope and they acclimate better because they have more isozymes than salmon and natural selection favors individual with acclimating ability. |
| In what environment is r favored? what about k? | R is for harsh, unpredictable environmental condition and k is for benign, predictable environment. |
| Scientific study of interrelationship between organism and their environment | Ecology |
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