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| Questão | Responda |
| Principate [Priceps= Latin for "first citizen"] | Principate: an institutionally stable, imperial expansionistic and consolidatory and prosperous region inaguarated by Augustus (200 yrs of it) |
| Imperator | -the commander, the emperor -used in regards to Augustus and his control over the Roman military/ militarily threatened or economically prosperous provinces (i.e.: Egypt) |
| Pax Romana | -Roman Peace -An age of public order/ military stability -How Roman's looked @ things -> why it was okay for them to conquer other civilizations |
| Arch | -The arch's basic round form is created w/ wedge-shaped stones called voussoirs; keystone (center voussoir) locks the arch in place -diverted weight from center of structure down through its column/supports |
| Keystone | Center voussoir (wed-shaped stones that give an arch its round shape) that locks the arch in place |
| Voussoir | Wed-shaped blocks that give an arch its rounded shape |
| Oculus | -An "eye" which opened the dome to the sunlight & elements (i.e.: Pantheon-> 126 BCE) |
| Forum | -a place at the heart of the city in Rome, which functioned like the Greek agora, where citizens conducted business, ran the gov't, & socialized |
| Mosaic | an assemblage of tiny bits of stone, glass or metal to create an image (i.e.: Battle of Issos, Pompei, 1st century) |
| Natural Law | The idea that there is somehow a law women into the fabric of the universe that is independent of any rules proposed by human agents. |
| The City of God | a theological interpretation of human history written by Augustine (354-430) -1st 10 books:if the city fell it was best for the human race bcuz the decline of Rome was part of God's plan to prep. the world for the coming of a divine kingdom on earth -last 12 books: an elaboration of Augustine's view of world history; these books express the slow redemption of the City of Man, the realm of sinful humans, by the City of God, the realm of the redeemed. |
| Neoplatonism | A philosophy developed by Plotinus based on Plato's ideas that was developed during the Roman period in an attempt to reconcile the dichotomy btween Plato's concept of an eternal World of Ideas and the ever-changing physical world. Think: "New" "Plato" |
| Vulgate Bible | -prepared by Jerome, a prominent Christian writer -a translation of the existing of many biblical books within Jerome's knowledge of Greek and Hebrew into Latin |
| Peristyle |
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| Medallions | In Roman architecture, a circular decoration often found on triumphal arches enclosing a scene/ portrait i.e.: Arch of Constantine |
| Messiah | -A Hebrew word meaning "the Anointed One," or one chosen by God to be his representation on earth. -In Judaism, the Messiah will bring peace/ justice -In Christianity, Jesus Christ is the Messiah |
| attic | The topmost section or crown of an arch |
| Apse | -In architecture, a large projection, usually rounded or semicircular -in a Christian basilica, alters stood in this space -i.e.: Churches built during Constantine's reign |
| Nave | The central longitudinal area of a church, extending from the entrance to the aspe & flanked by aisles |
| Clerestory | A row of windows set along the upper part of a wall, especially in a church i.e.: churches built during Constantine's reign |
| Atrium | In Christian Romanesque churches, an open court, usually colonnaded, in front of the main doors of the structure |
| transept | In church architecture, the crossing arm that bisected the nave near the aspe & give the characteristic cruciform shape to the floor plan *Floor plan laid of like a cross* |
| cruciform | -cross-shaped -used to describe the standard floor plan of a church |
| Islam | Literally: "submission" -> Muslim="Those who have surrendered" (as in to the faith) -Fundamentals as outlined by Muhammed: (1) Faith unifies the believers, not bloom/tribe (2) Direction for prayer= to the Mecca (3) Pilgrimage to the Kaaba (at least once in life) (4) Day of collective prayer= Friday -Shahadah: "There is no God but Allah and Muhammed is his prophet" -> Muhammed is the last prophet for God who is the same god as that of the Jews/ Christians -Qur'an is the sacred text of the faith (think of it as being a bible) |
| Monotheism | One God only |
| Epicurianism | -A Hellenistic philosophy -made its highest goals the development of the mind & an existence free from the demands of everyday life |
| Torah | -Jewish scripture text -> law code -Books of the Torah are: (1) Genesis (2) Leviticus (3) Exodus (4) Numbers (5) Deuteronomy |
| Dead Sea Scrolls (Dead Sea Isiah Scroll=Real Name) | -1st century BCE-1st century CE -contain canonical/non-canonical writings Canonical/ Non-canonical: what is/ isn't accepted by the canon of the religion |
| Basilica | -rectangular structure -originally a Roman building for public purposes (i.e.: a law court) -Later taken over by Christians for worship (Correlate w/ Constantine churches) |
| Qur'an | -Islamic spiritual text (think of it as =ing their bible) -consist of Muhammed's prophecies -literally means "recitation" |
| Canon (biblical) | The basis in which the things that make up the scripture of the religion are judged (canonical/ non-canonical) i.e.: Dead Sea Scrolls contain both canonical and non-canonical scriptures Canonical/non-canonical: what is/ isn't accepted by the canon of the religion |
| Five Pillars of Faith | -Pertain to the five aspects of the Islamic Faith: (1) Recitation of the Muslim act of faith (Shahadah) (2) Obligation to daily prayer (3) Charity/ alms-giving (4) Fasting during Ramadan (5) Pilgrimage to Mecca (@least once in life) |
| Mosque | -Large gathering area/ public mting place -Judicial, political, religious & social functions. -Mosque= "Place for bowing down" -A common feature of a mosque is a mihrab niche which points to Mecca for prayer i.e.: The Dome of the Rock constructed in Jerusalem in the late 7th century; it announces the domination of Islam at this time with the size of the Dome |
| Clerestory | |
| Diaspora | -From the Greek , "to scatter" -The dispersion of the Jews from from homeland in ancient Palestine, which began w/ Babylonian captivity in 6th century BCE & continued over centuries |
| Calligraphy | -ornamental writing -This type of writing was highly revered in the Islamic Faith who utilized this non-representational art form bcuz human figuration (especially of Allah & Muhammed) is not allowed in the faith, as they are depictions idols which is forbidden by the Qur'an -Decorated walls, books, & mosaics |
| Arabesque | -a complex figure of decorative lines, patterns, & designs in Islamic art -often floral, i.e.: The Dome of the Rock |
| Logos | -Greek for "logic" |
| tetrarchy | -Ruled by 4 -i.e.: The tetrarchy w/ the four rulers (2 Augustus & 2 Caesars) touching and huddled together, symbolizing their concordia |
| Sarcophag(us)/(i) | -From the Greek meaning "Flesh eating stone". -A marble/ stone coffin/ tomb, usually decorated w/ carvings -used 1st by the Romans & later the Christians for burial of the dead |
| Satire | -A literary genre that originated in ancient Rome & was characterized by 2 basic forms: (1) tolerant/ amused observation of the human scene (Horace) (2) bitter/ sarcastic denunciation of all human behavior/ thought outside a civilized norm (Juvenal) |
| Stoicism | -The most popular/ influential Hellenistic philosophy. -Advocates a restrained way of life, a toleration of others, a resignation of disappointments, & a resolution to carry out one's responsibilities. -Appealed to many Romans i.e.: Marcus Aurelius was a Stoic |
| Skepticism | -A Hellenistic philosophy -questioned whether anything could be for certain -argued that all beliefs were relative -concluded that autarky (state of being isolated/ free from the demands of society) could be achieved only by recognizing that inquiry was fruitless *A philosophy of doubting & argued that nothing could be known for certain* |
| Syncretism | The combining of diff. forms of religious beliefs/ practices |
| Tempera | -A permanent, fast-drying medium consisting of colored pigment & a water-soluble binder (i.e.: egg-yolk) -Widely used in early Christian art |
| Theology | -The application of philosophy to the study of religious truth, focusing especially on the nature of the deity & the origin/ teachings of an organized religious community |
| Petrine Idea | -In Catholic theology, the idea that Christ had made St. Peter the leader of the apostles -Bishops ( or popes) who succeeded St. Peter inherited his authority |
| Parchment | -A writing surface prepared from calf-, sheep-, & goatskin that was developed in ancient Pergamum. -Opened door to the 1st books bcuz it can be written on both sides. |
| Natural Law | -In stoicism, a body of laws/ principles that are believed to be derived from nature -binding on human society -constitute a higher form of justice than civil or judicial law |
| Vault | A ceiling/ roof made from a series of arches placed next to one another *Barrel Vault: the formatting of the arches makes it look like the skeleton of a barrel *Groin: positioning of arches makes them somehow meet in the center |
| Verism | -Style that represents all traits that Roman's valued i.e.: Loyalty, independence, etc. i.e.: Head of Roman Patrician -> aged, wise-looking |
| New Comedy | -The style of comedy favored by Hellenistic playwrights -Concentrated on gentle satirical themes (In particular, romantic plots w/ stock characters & predictable endings) |
| Liturgy | -A rite/ ritual , such as prayers or ceremonies, practice by a religious group in public worship. i.e.: Islam & Christianity today |
| Idyll | A relatively short poem that focuses on the events/ themes of everyday life i.e.: family, love, & religion -popular during Hellenistic period |
| The Gospels | -The 1st 4 books of the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke & John) -recorded the life/ sayings of Jesus Christ |
| Evangelists | -The four evangelists (Matthew, Mark, Luke & John) who wrote about Jesus soon after his death in The Gospels (1st 4 books of the New Testament) |
| Cynicism | -A Hellenistic philosophy -Denounced society & its institutions as artificial -Called on the individual to strive for autarky (state of being isolated/ free from the demands of society) |
| Covenant | Agreement i.e.: covenant btween God & Abraham if he left Ur and went to Canaan (God would protect his family/ bring prosperity to his offspring) |
| Judaism | -one of the oldest religions in the world (3rd millennium BCE) that came about in Dura Europas -Covenant btween God & Abraham -God= ethical & seeking to impose ethical principles on humans -no images of Yaweh -Diaspora -apocolyptic texts= Messiah will bring peace/ justice to all on the day of judgement -Western Wall & 2nd temple -Torah (law codes) |
| Christianity | -originally a sect w/in Judaism, but gradually emerged as a distinct religion -Jesus Christ= teacher/ son of God -Gospels outline Jesus's life & writers of The Gospels (Matthew, Mark, & Luke) were called the evangelists -theological religion -the Bible -liturgical religion (ppl come together for worship) -Art:The Good Shepherd |
| The Ten Commandments | -List of the prohibitions & commandments ("Do this" & "Don't do that") for the Jews from God following their flee from Egypt |
| Corinthian | -The 3rd Greek architectural order -temple columns are slender & fluted, sit on a base, & have capitals shaped like inverted bells & decorated w/ carvings representing the leaves of the acanthus bush -Popular in Hellenistic times & widely adopted by the Romans |
| Bay | A discrete interior or exterior architectural element marked not by walls, but my piers, columns, vaulting or windows |
| Apostolic succession | A term for the idea in the Catholic Church that the authority of the bishops descends from the authority of the apostles, Christ's twelve followers |
| Apocalypse | -In Jewish/ early Christian thought, the expectation & hope of the coming of God & his final judgement -closely I.D.ed w/ the last book of the New Testament, Revelation |
| caliph | -"representative" or "successor" in Islamic faith i.e.: occurred after Muhammed's death |
| Castrum | construction plan of Roman cities i.e.: Timgad, Africa, 2nd Century CE |
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