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Descrição
FlashCards por Maddie Allen, atualizado 9 meses atrás
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Criado por Maddie Allen
9 meses atrás
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| Questão | Responda |
| Five senses | Auditory, gustatory, olfactory, and tactile |
| Adaptation definition | the process by which a sensory system becomes insensitive to a continuing source of stimulation |
| Proprioreceptiors | type of interoreceptor that innervate muslces, ligaments, joints, and tendons to advise brain of body's movement and position |
| Mechanoreceptor that senses gentle pressure | Meissner's corpuscles |
| Receptive field | The area of skin that a tactile receptor can respond to |
| Order from most localization to least: forearm, fingertip, wrist, palm | Fingertip, palm, wrist, forearm |
| What determines tactile sensitivity for a given area | Density of receptors More receptor fields = more sensitive |
| Penny experiment: why is pressure sensation soon lost? | The brain can choose what to focus on, so it can ignore constant stimuli |
| What temperatures are thermoreceptors sensitive to? | Cold: lower than 37ºC Warm: 37ºC-45ºC Above 45ºC: nociceptors (pain) Receptors adapt in range of 20ºC-40ºC |
| Homeostatic thermoreceptors | Near hypothalamus, responsible for setting internal temp. to ~37ºC |
| Do warm temp. receptors transmit absolute or relative information about temperatures | Relative |
| Define reflexes | Rapid, autonomic responses to specific stimuli; may rely on only sensory and motor neurons (monosynaptic) or involve interneurons between sensory and motor neurons (polysynaptic) |
| Steps of knee jerk reaction | 1. Extensor muscle stretched 2. Muscle spindle stimulated 3. Primary afferent neuron excited 4. Primary afferent neuron stimulates alpha motor neuron to extensor muscle 5. Alpha motor neuron stimulates extensor muscle to contract 6. Primary afferent neuron stimulates inhibitory interneuron 7. Interneuron inhibits alpha motor neuron to flexor muscle 8. Flexor muscle (antagonist) relaxes |
| Are muscle stretches mono- or polysynaptic | monosynaptic |
| Grey matter | Primarily cell bodies of neurons of spinal cord; un-myelinated |
| Grey matter: Posterior horn | axon terminals of sensory neurons |
| Grey matter: lateral horn | cell bodies of autonomic system neurons |
| Grey matter: Anterior (ventral) horn | cell bodies of somatic motor neurons |
| Roots: posterior (dorsal) root | Nerve that travels to posterior horn |
| Roots: dorsal root ganglion | cell bodies of sensory neurons |
| Roots: Anterior (ventral) | Nerve that travels from lateral and ventral horns |
| When the volunteer performed Jendrassik maneuver, how did the knee-jerk reflex change? | Amplitude increased because inhibition decreased |
| What does the effect of the Jendrassik maneuver indicate about neural pathways involved in simple reflexes? | pathways close --> inhibition response decreases |
| Why do you multiple the distance between patellar tendon and sacrum by two | Sensory --> CNS CNS --> targets W |
| Would you expect the conduction velocity to be the same or different with Jendrassik maneuver? | Same because distance and time do not change |
| Consider the two volunteers: Liam is 1.8m (5.9ft) tall and Jacqui is 1.4m (4.6ft) tall. Which volunteer will have a faster response time | Jacqui bc she is shorter --> less distance to travel |
| Why is it important that neurons in this reflex are myelinated? | It decreases response time, which is important to keep the body safe in dangerous situations |
| Guillain-Barre syndrome is a demyelinating disease caused by infection. People with this will have loss of knee-jerk reaction. Why is this true? | Signals are lost because they are weaker; can't generate AP or reach CNS |
| Myopia | Nearsightedness; occurs when the eyeball is too long or focusing apparatus (cornea and lens) is too strong (or both); light is focused in front of retina; corrected with diverging lens |
| Hyperopia | Farsightedness; when eyeball is too short or focusing apparatus is too weak (or both); light is focused behind the retina; corrected with converging lens |
| Presbyopia | when lens of eye loses elasticity with age; corrected with convex (converging) lens |
| Astigmatism | Cornea is football shaped; causes multiple focal points bc light is bent more in some places than in others |
| Conduction deafness | Any problems with external or middle ear structures involved in conducting sound vibrations |
| Sensorineural deafness | Any problems with structures inside cochlea |
| Weber test | Tests for conductive deafness using tuning fork; whichever ear it sounds louder in is the "damaged" ear |
| Rinne test | Test for conductive deafness using tuning fork; if sound is not audible, there is conductive deafness in that ear, if the sound is audible, there is sensorineural deafness in the opposite ear |
| Weber/Rinne example: Participant 1 lateralizes left for the Weber test. After the Rinne test, they report they can hear the tuning fork on the left side. This person has ______deafness in the ________ear | Sensorineural deafness in the right ear |
| What do the semicircular canals detect | Rotational movement |
| What are the three doses of drugs that will be given | Initial dose: ketamine (dream-like state) and Xylazine (muscle relaxant) Second dose: bupivacaine (painkiller) after incision mark but before actual incision Third dose: Ketoprofen as additional painkiller post-op |
| What drugs can be given to reverse the effects of xylazine and bupivacaine | atipamezole |
| Preparation of the rat | Apply sterile opthalmic ointment to each of animal's eyes; shave hair; ear punch; instructor marks incision site; disinfect |
| disinfection order | alcohol-iodine-alcohol |
| Three layers of the abdominal wall | External oblique Internal oblique Transverse abdominis |
| Which side receives oxygenated blood | The left ventricle by the left atrioventricular (bicupid/mitral) valve |
| Where does blood go after left ventricle | Through aortic semilunar valve to aorta, where it is shunted to the rest of the body |
| Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood | The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood and is separated from right ventricle by the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) |
| Where does the blood go after it is received in the right side of the heart | To the lungs to be oxygenated! |
| Papillary muscles | finger like extensions from the wall of the ventricle; connected to right and left atrioventricular valves |
| Chordae muscles | Connect papillary muscles to atrioventricular valves |
| Blood flow through the heart | Left atrium --> through bicuspid valve into left ventricle --> through aortic semilunar valve into aorta |
| What is ultrasound | Technology that uses high frequency sound waves to penetrate the body, creating an echo signal |
| Hyperechoic | Appears white ex) connective tissue |
| Anechoic | Appears black Fluid filled ex) blood vessels |
| Isoechoic | Appears light grey ex) Liver |
| Hypoechoic | Appears dark grey ex) Kidneys |
| List the following structures from closest to farthest from the probe: liver, gallbladder, abdominal muscles | Abdominal muscles, liver, gallbladder |
| True or false: Organs have homogenous ethnogenicities | False |
| What axis are we viewing the heart from | Parasternal long axis |
| Which probes do you use for: heart, abdomen, and neck | Heart: 3S Abdomen: 4C Neck 12L |
| What would happen to the blood pressure in the brain if the internal jugular vein did not change during the Valsalva maneuver | It would build up; this could result in inadequate blood/gas exchange |
| Liver Can see portal vein and other blood vessels | |
| What are the ethnogenicities of the kidney | Anechoic w/ isoechoic cortex, hypoechoic pyramids, & hyperechoic calluses |
| When the left ventricle is contracting, which valve is open | Aortic semilunar |
| When the left ventricle is relaxed, which valve is open? | Bicuspid |
| Do the ends of the leaflets of the valves ever touch | Yes, to prevent blood regurgitating back |
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