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| Questão | Responda |
| How many pairs of shared electrons form a single covalent bond? | One |
| How many pairs of shared electrons form a double covalent bond? | Two |
| What type of covalent bond holds water molecules together? | Polar |
| What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together? | Hydrogen bonds |
| What type of bond is NaCl? | Ionic |
| What is a hydrogen bond? Name an example. | A hydrogen bond is an interaction between polar groups due to unequal charges across the molecule. Examples: between water molecules; bases in DNA or RNA strand. |
| What is a Van der Waals interaction? Name an example. | A brief fluctuation in charges across a membrane. Example: seen in all molecules Between two oxygen molecules |
| What is a peptide bond? Give an example. | It is a covalent bond. It bonds amino acids together to form proteins. |
| What are the three types of carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides |
| What does the first law of thermodynamics state? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed. |
| Does the entropy increase or decrease? A glass of milk falling into a fish tank causing the water to become milky white. | Increases |
| Does the entropy increase or decrease? A fire burns in the fireplace turning the log into a pile of ash. | Increases |
| Does the entropy increase or decrease? A fertilized egg divides into a thousand cells to form an embryo. | decreases |
| Does the entropy increase or decrease? A protein is assembled from individual amino acids by a ribosome. | decreases |
| What is Gibbs Free Energy? | It is the energy available to do useful work. |
| What is the Gibbs Free Energy equation? | |
| What happens to ΔG when ΔH rises? | ΔG value increases |
| What happens to ΔG when S gets smaller? | ΔG value increases |
| For a non spontaneous rxn that demonstrates a positive change in both entropy and enthalpy, what can easily be done in a laboratory to make the rxn spontaneous? | Increase the temperature of the rxn |
| Describe equilibrium. | Equilibrium is the point where the rate of the forward rxn is exactly the same as the rate of the reverse rxn. |
| What is the name of the energy-carrying intermediary that cells use to obtain the energy from food molecules? | ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate |
| What is activation energy? | It is the amount of energy needed to get the reactants to the transition state. |
| In chemical reactions, what is the transition state? | It is the point at which bonds in the reactant are broken to form new bonds, also known as the product. |
| What is a catalyst? | It is any substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction, thus speeding up the reaction. |
| What is an enzyme? | Any molecule, usually a protein, that can catalyze a chemical reaction. |
| What are substrates? | They are the reactants on which an enzyme acts. |
| What are active sites on an enzyme? | They are the sites on the enzyme where substrates bind and react. |
| What is the lock-and-key model? | A model where the enzyme is a rigid lock and the substrates are the keys that fit into the lock. |
| What is the induced fit model? | A model where the enzyme changes shape when the substrate binds to the active site. |
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