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| Questão | Responda |
| What did Masuda and Nisbett find in regard to attention and describing a picture in American and Japanese participants? | American more likely to mention object in picture in first statement, Japenese 70% more likely to mention background, surroundings first too |
| What were the results of Miller (1984)? | When children, US and Indian same attributions, when older, US more individualism, and Indian more situational |
| What did Morris and Peng (1995) find? | Americans explained murder in terms of negative dispostional traits, Chinese situation factors. |
| What did Peng and Nisbett (1999) find in terms of Americans? | Americans judged a proposition more plausable when presented with a contradiction than when they judge the more plausible assertion itself, pressure to solve contridictions |
| What did Peng and Nisbett (1999) find in terms of Chinese? | Found less plausible proposition to have more merit when it had been contradicted than not. |
| Who did a meta-analysis of replications of Asch, across different cultures? | Bond and Smith (1996) |
| With regard to Hofested, what did Bond and Smith (1996) find? | Negative relationship between individualism and conformity |
| Who found a negative relationship between conformity and affective and intellectual autonomy? | Schwartz (1994) |
| As well as finding a negative relationship between individualism and conformity, who found a positive relationship between achievement ascription and conformity? | Trompenears (1993) |
| In general, what did Bond and Smith (1996) find accounted for most of the variance? | Cultural factors |
| What are the three limitations of Bond and Smith (1996)? | Cultural measures from surveys of populations over participants, countries are not culturally homogeneous, can be multiple within, concept of conformity might not be cross-cultaully applicable |
| Who conducted a meta-analysis of attribution studies, finding huge cultural variations, such as self-serving attribution bias higher in Western nations? | Mezulis et al. (2004) |
| What was the variations seen in Asian nations in Melzuis et al. (2004)? | Little or no bias in Japanese and Pacific Islanders, moderate in Indian samples, and large in Chinese and Korean (similar to US) |
| Aronson et al. (1994) is in line with... | Independent and interdependent selves |
| Who created independent and interdependent selves? | Markus and Kitayama (1994) |
| What type of cultures is independent self and what is it? | Individualistic, and individual uniqueness, autonomy and agency are valued self-conceived of unique configuration of personality trait characteristics. |
| What culture is interdependent self and what is it? | Collective, and self is allocated within network of social relationships, individual agency and autonomy are secondary. |
| What are Hofstede's (2001) five dimensions of culture? | Power distance, collectivism-individualism, masculinity-femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term vs short term orinetation |
| What are the components of McAdams and Pals' (2006)integrative model of personality? | Dispostional signature (traits), evolutionary pressures, life narratives (experience), culture, characteristic adaptions (individual motivators) |
| What is the problem with the integrative model of personality? | It's hard to test due to having many factors |
| What is the high and low point of the scale power distance? | High autocratic, low consensual |
| What is the characteristics of masculinity against femininity of culture? | M; assertive,competitive. F; quality of life |
| What is the process link of Nisbett's thinking as universal over malleable? |
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| What is the strategy of nomothetic approach? | To focus on similarities between groups of individuals who are only unique in terms of their trait combinations. |
| The nomothetic approach tends to use what research methodology and data collection methods? | Quantitative, with data from self-report personality questionaires |
| Research from the nomothetic approach tries to what? | To produce measures of personality to study structure of personality, explore the relationship between variables across groups |
| What is the advantage and disadvantage of the nomothetic approach? | Discovers general principles which have predictive functions, but disadvantage is it can lead to superficial understanding of personality of one person. Training needed for accurate analysis |
| What are the key types of personality theories? | Psychoanalytic (unconscious motives), behaviorism (learned responses), cognitive (internal processes), humanistic (motivation and self-discovery) |
| What is the basic criteria a theory of personality should satisfy? | Description, explanation, empirical validity, testable concepts, comprehensiveness, parsimony, heuristic value, applied value |
| Who found different rates between different types of helping behaviour all over the world? | Levine et al. (2001) |
| What did Hsu (1985) say about personality? | Concept of personality is an expression of Western individualism |
| What did Church (2001) find about the big five across different cultures? | Universality, similar distributions, and support lexical hypothesis of this. |
| What are problem questioned the results of Chruch (2001), and how was it overcome? | Do the western instruments impose their own structure in a new cultural context? It was found indigenous measures overlap closely with big five |
| Who conducted a study to examine relationship between nationalism and personality? | McCrae and Terracciano (2006) |
| What was the results of McCrae and Terracciano (2006)? | Correlation between big five measures with subjective ratings of national characteristics, but generally poor. Some positive and some negative. |
| Which were three of the countries that had negative correlations between subjective ratings of national character and the national characteristics survey in McCrae and Terracciano? | Britain, Denmark, Belgium |
| Which were three of the countries that had positive correlations between subjective ratings of national character and the national characteristics survey in McCrae and Terracciano? | Poland, Lebanon, Australia |
| What is the problem with the national characteristics studies? | Has reliability but not validity |
| What is the dictionary definition of personality? | The combination of characteristics or qualities which form an individual's distinctive character |
| What is Allport's (1961) definition of personality? | A dynamic organisation inside the person, of psychophysical systems which create the person's characteristic patterns of behaviour, thought and feelings |
| What are the six aims of studying personality? | Motivational basis of behaviour, catergorising behaviour, measuring personality, developmental theories, hertiability/enviroment, understand mental illness/adnormal behaviour |
| What is Idiographic approach strategy? | To emphasize the uniqueness of individuals, with goal of understanding individuals. |
| What research methodology and data collection methods, does the idiographic approach tend to use? | Qualitative, case studies, with data from interviews, diaries, narratives and treatment session data. |
| What is the advantage and disadvantage of the idiographic approach? | Advantage is it gives a in-depth understanding of individual, but the disadvantage is it is hard to generalize. |
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