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329543
MACROEVOLUTION & FOSSIL RECORD 2
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undergraduate degree genetics and evolution Mapa Mental sobre MACROEVOLUTION & FOSSIL RECORD 2, criado por chaz_id89 em 05-11-2013.
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genetics and evolution
undergraduate degree
Mapa Mental por
chaz_id89
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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chaz_id89
quase 11 anos atrás
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MACROEVOLUTION & FOSSIL RECORD 2
THE CONCEPT OF "DEEP TIME"
Anotações:
referring to evolution of everything - earth appear ~4.5 billions ago
LIFE ON EARTH
Precambrian
origin of the earth - 1st fossil prokaryotes - photosynthesis - 1st eukaryotic cells - 1st multicellular organism (Ediacaran)
earliest known metazoan (620-550 mya) --> Ediacaran Fauna
Anotações:
- sponges, jellyfish, comb jellies
Paleozoic
Cambrian
Cambrian Explosion
Ordovician
Jawless fish, vascular plant, Land Arthropods
Silurian
Devonian
Bony fishes, Amphibians, Insects
Carboniferous
Reptiles, True ferns, first seed plants
Permian
Beetles
Mesozoic
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Cenozoic
Tertiary
Paleogene
Geogene
Quarternary
Mass extinction?
Cambrian Explosion
- sudden appearance & diversification of most major grps of complex animals
The Burgess Shale
Anotações:
soft bodies animal are well preserved
why?
Increase in O2
evo of eyes
Non-sessile fauna - fill available niches
predator-prey arms race
Extinction
5 MAJOR MASS EXTINCTION)
1) End Ordivician
Anotações:
60% marine invertebrate genera go extinct
3rd largest, 440 mya, 22% families and ~60% genera extinct, CO2 decrease, huge ice caps, sea level fell
2) Late Devonian
Anotações:
57%
3) End Permian
Anotações:
82%
Biggest, 250 mya, 57% families, 82% genera.
suggested cause: formation of Pangea, anoxic ocean
Anotações:
most affected : animals w carbonate skeleton, weak circulation and low metabolic rate (e.g. corals, brachiopods) vice versa less affected: + gills, (mollusks, arthropods, chordates)
4) End Triassic
Anotações:
53%
5) End Cretaceous
Anotações:
47%
K-T extinction
losses not evenly distributed among taxa
suggested that those sp - move to new habitat, or hibernate, or dormant
Chicxulub crater found - impact site
massive gravitational & magnetic anomalies
found shock quartz- microtectites
Anotações:
only found on asteroid hit
Iridium layer (spike) - abundant in asteroid
the extinction event is related to the huge asteroid hit
BACKGROUND EXTINCTION
extinction occur continually
96% extinction occur in background time
variation rates
Mass extinction happens at global scale
5-50 billion ever lived, but only 5-50 mil only alive
MACROEVOLUTION PATTERNS
Extinction creates OPPORTUNITY
Extinction event at the end of Proterozoic - removed a large part of Ediacaran Fauna - allow for new opportunity and morphological innovation
ADAPTIVE RADIATION
occurs when a single or small group of ancestral sp rapidly diversifies into a large # of descendants that occupy a wide variety of ecological niches.
Anotações:
e.g. Galapagos Finches e.g. Mammal radiation (only 2 lineages were present 65MYBP) -present day, 20 orders available
Modes of diversification
STASIS
describes sp that appear and persist for millions of years without any change
PHYLETIC GRADUALISM (Darwin)
def : the gradual nature of evolution by natural selection
suggested that sudden appearance of new taxa wa due to the incompleteness of fossil record
PUNCTUATED EQM (Niles Eldredge & Stephen Jay Gould)
claimed that stasis was a real pattern
suggested that morphological change occur during speciation
Morphological and genetic variation are not necessarily coupled (e.g. horseshoe crab)
KEY
1) most differences amongst higher taxa occur after successive fixation of small phenotypic changes
2) Functional consideration - large changes need to accompanied by other large changes (mutations) to ensure survival
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