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Cellular control
- Cyclic AMP activates proteins by altering their 3D structure.
- Mutations cause changes in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA molecules.
- Explain the meaning of the term genetic code
- This is the sequence of bases
- 3 bases code for an amino acid.
- 3 bases code for an amino acid.
- A degenerate code is when there are more codes than animo acids.
- This is the sequence of bases
- Genes code for polypeptides,
including enzymes.
- Explain how mutations can have a
benefitial,neutral or harmful effects on the way
a protein functions.
- Substitution/point
- Nonsense?
- Results in a stop codon.
- Results in a stop codon.
- Missense?
- Results in a different amino acid.
- Results in a different amino acid.
- Silent?
- Results in no change.
- Results in no change.
- Neutral?
- Results in an allele.
- Results in an allele.
- Nonsense?
- Frameshift
- Addition or deletion of a base.
- Addition or deletion of a base.
- Substitution/point
- Describe the sequence of nucleotides withing a gene to construct a polypeptide.
- Transcription
- Sections of DNA unwind and unzip.
- DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds.
- Free RNA nucleotides diffuse into position.
- RNA nucleotides bind to the template strand, with hydrogen bonds and their complementary bases.
- Condensation reaction catalysed by RNA polymerase.
- Extra phosphate groups are released: ATP.
- mRNA is complementary and released through the nuclear pore.
- Sections of DNA unwind and unzip.
- Translation
- mRNA binds to a ribosome via complementary base pairing, two codons are attached to the ribosome.
- First codon is always AUG (start codon) and using ATP and an enzyme, tRNA with methaine and anticodon forms hydrogen bonds.
- Second tRNA binds and a peptide bond can be formed.
- mRNA binds to a ribosome via complementary base pairing, two codons are attached to the ribosome.
- Transcription
- Explain genetic control of protein production in a prokaryote using the lac operon.
- Promoter
- The enzyme RNA polymerase binds and so transcribes the operon.
- The enzyme RNA polymerase binds and so transcribes the operon.
- Operator
- The body site for protein repression stops RNA polymerase getting to the protein.
- The body site for protein repression stops RNA polymerase getting to the protein.
- Regulator
- Structural gene for the operator.
- Structural gene for the operator.
- Operon
- Length of DNA that controls the switching on and off the structural gene.
- Required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in E. Coli.
- Length of DNA that controls the switching on and off the structural gene.
- Lactose is absent
- Regulator gene transcribes and translates the repressor protein.
- Repressor protein binds to the operator region and blocks the promoter region.
- RNA polymerase can't bind to the promoter region.
- RNA polymerase can't bind to the promoter region.
- Regulator gene transcribes and translates the repressor protein.
- Lactose is present
- Binds to the repressor protein and this means that the protein cannot bind to the operator region.
- RNA polymerase binds, produces Beta Galactosidase and lactose permease which can convert the lactose into glucose.
- Binds to the repressor protein and this means that the protein cannot bind to the operator region.
- Promoter
- Explain that the genes that control development of body plans are similar in plants, animals and fungi
- Body plan is the general sequence of an organism.
- Homeotic genes control body plan.
- Highly conserved throughout phylogeny and
change often results in extinction.
- Code for transcription factors which are proteins.
- Binds to DNA.
- Body plan is the general sequence of an organism.
- Outline how apoptosis can act as a mechanism to change body plans.
- Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
- Necrosis is unintentional cell death.
- Enzymes breakdown the cytoskeleton, DNA and proteins.
- Engulfed by phagocytes and lysosomes.
- Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
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