ESL Approaches and Methodologies

ESL Approaches and Methodologies

1. Grammatical Approach

   • Explanation
     • HISTORICAL BASIS
       • 19th Century Classical Instruction: Greek and Latin
       • Replaced by Subsequent Approaches
     • CHARACTERISTICS
       • Teacher-centered
       • Emphasis: L2 Rules & Structure
     • PHILOSOPHY
       • Learning Stages: Predictable
       • Behaviorist Perspective
       • Language Learning: Deductive, Structure-based
   • Methods
     • GRAMMAR-TRANSLATION
       • Focus: Reading, Writing, Grammar
       • Lacks: L2 Oral Development
       • Holistically-taught Grammar Rules
         • Accuracy, Not Meaning
       • • Examples
           • Vocabulary Memorization
           • Text Translation
     • DIRECT
       • Focus: Total Immersion in L2
       • Lacks: L1 Classroom Use
       • Open-ended Responses to Content
         • Use of Realia
       • • Examples
           • Drill and Practice
           • Rote Memorization
     • AUDIOLINGUAL
       • Focus: Error Correction, Drills, Repetition
       • Lacks: Extensive L1 Support
       • Sequenced Grammar Structures
         • Consistent Feedback
       • • Examples
           • Mnemonics
           • Repetition
           • Kinetics
           • Dialogue Memorization

2. Communicative Approach

   • Explanation
     • HISTORICAL BASIS
       • 1960s-70s: Response to Grammatical Approach
       • Instruction: Communication and Social Interaction
     • CHARACTERISTICS
       • Student-centered
       • Emphasis: Meaningful SLA
     • PHILOSOPHY
       • Social Constructivist Perspective
       • Language Learning: Inductive, Meaning-based
       • Learning Stages: Varies on Interaction
   • Methods
     • SILENT WAY
       • Focus: Teacher Modeling and Reinforcement
       • Lacks: Content-based Learning
       • Witness, Describe in L2
       • • Examples
           • Pronunciation
           • Word Flow
     • NATURAL WAY
       • Focus: Comprehensible Input
       • Lacks: Error Correction, Content Base
       • Embraces ELLs' L1
       • • Examples
           • Initial Oral Language Production
           • Silent Period
     • SUGGESTOPEDIA
       • Focus: Relaxed Learning Environment
       • Lacks: Error Correction, Content Base
       • Explanations in L1
       • • Examples
           • Background Music
           • Visual Aids
           • Conversation, Retelling, Role Play
     • INTEGRATED CONTENT-BASED
       • Focus: L2 Development
       • Grade-level Instructors Collaborate
       • Contemporary Method
       • • Examples
           • Thematic Units
           • Manipulatives
           • Heterogeneous Groups
           • ICB Lesson
             • Planning
               • Select Theme
               • Choose Relevant Topics
               • Create Objectives
               • Gather Materials
               • Arrange Environment
             • Instruction
               • Preteach Vocabulary
               • Build Background
               • Collaborative Learning
               • Integrate Literacy
               • Engage ELLs
               • Graphic Organizers
               • Learning Centers
             • Assessment
               • Formative Assessment
               • Summative Assessment
     • SHELTERED INSTRUCTION
       • Focus: Grade-level Modified Curriculum
       • Scaffolded Instruction
       • Visuals for Meaningful Learning
       • • Examples
           • Guarded Vocabulary
           • Cooperative Learning
           • SIOP Lesson
             • Instruction
               • Building Background
               • Comprehensible Input
               • Strategies
               • Interaction
               • Practice & Application
               • Lesson Delivery
             • Preparation: Content & Language Objectives, Materials
             • Review & Assessment
           • Hands-on Activities
           • SDAIE

3. Cognitive Approach

   • Explanation
     • HISTORICAL BASIS
       • 1980s-90s: Cognitive Research-Based
       • Instruction: Learning Functions and Memory
     • CHARACTERISTICS
       • Learner-centered
       • Emphasis: Explicit Learning Strategy Instruction
         • Metacognitive
         • Cognitive
         • Social/Affective
       • Target Content/Language Objectives
     • PHILOSOPHY
       • Cognitivist Perspective
       • Learning Stages: Staged, Environment-based
       • Language Learning: Inductive, Meaning-based
       • Skills Transfer
   • Methods
     • CALLA
       • Focus: Build on Prior Knowledge
       • L1 and L2 CALP Development
       • Developmentally Appropriate Level
       • • Examples
           • CALLA Lesson
             • Preparation: Objectives & Standards
             • Presentation: Scaffolded Instruction
             • Practice: Collaborative Student Groups
             • Evaluation: Student Reflections
             • Expansion: Synthesize Knowledge
           • Cooperative Learning
           • KWL Chart
           • Word Wall
           • Discourse/Questioning

4. Herrera, Socorro Guadalupe., and Kevin G. Murry. Mastering ESL and Bilingual Methods: Differentiated Instruction for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Students. Second ed. Boston: Pearson Allyn and Bacon, 2011. Print.

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