4900236
Descrição
Mapa Mental por Lindie Metz, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Lindie Metz
mais de 8 anos atrás
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Cell stress
- Inability to adapt to new
environment
- Adaptation
- reversible changes = restoration of
normal conditions = restoration of
normal cell function
- Stimuli ↑ demand
- Hypertrophy
- ↑ in cell size = ↑ in organ size
- ↑ size of organelles, proteins and membranes, membrane synthesis, ATP & enzyme
- Seen in cells that can't divide, permanent cell populations
- PHYS: (1) ↑ functional demand, (2) Hormone stimulation
- PATH: (1) ↑ resistance (art P > LV pump ↑ > size ↑), (2) Physical obstruction (resistance = ↑ work)
- Ltd: Can lead to injury > ↑ mass ≠ nutrient supply
- ↑ in cell size = ↑ in organ size
- Hyperplasia
- ↑ in # of cells = ↑ in size of organ
- Occurs with hypertrophy with cells that can divide
- PHYS: (1) Hormonal (puberty/pregnancy), (2) Cell loss (skin injury being repaired)
- PATH: (1) Hormonal (eg tumor in pituitary), (2) Cell destruction (ulcerated colon, HPV, Keloid)
- Controlled ↑ in # cells (will subside when stimulation subsides)
- vs Neoplasia = uncontrolled growth (hyperplasia can predispose to ca)
- ↑ in # of cells = ↑ in size of organ
- Hypertrophy
- Stimuli ↓ demand
- Atrophy
- ↓ in cell size and function = ↓ in organ size
- Loss of substance = loss in function and diffirentiation
- ↓ mitochondria, ER, myofilaments
- ↓ metabolism = ↓ amino acid uptake, O2 consumption, protein synthesis
- PHYS: (1) senile, (2) uterine
- PATH: (1) Denervation, (2) Ischemia, (3) ↓ Nutrition, (4) ↓ functional demand,
(5) ↓ Endocrine stimulation, (6) Pressure
- ↓ in cell size and function = ↓ in organ size
- Hypoplasia
- Tissue fails to reach normal size, congenital
- Tissue fails to reach normal size, congenital
- Atrophy
- Metaplasia
- Replacement of one adult cell type with another > normal epithelium in abnormal location
- Usually in squamous/columnar epithelium, CT where stem cell diffirentiate due to stress
- Usually reversible, but predisposes to neoplasia
- PATH: (1) Smoking, (2) Barret's esophagus, (3) Chronic infection
- Replacement of one adult cell type with another > normal epithelium in abnormal location
- reversible changes = restoration of
normal conditions = restoration of
normal cell function
- Disorders
- Dysplasia
- (1) ↑ Cell growth (mitosis, bulk) (2) Atypical morphology (pleomorphism, hyperchromatism)
(3) Altered differentiation (immaturity, location)
- Disorderly proliferation = possible early sign of neoplasia
- Mild = reversible, Severe = malignant neoplasm
- PATH: Chronic inflammation, Viral infection (HPV) UV radiation
- LOC: Squamous mucosa (smokers), Squamous EP (cervix), Barret's EP, Intestinal EP (H.pylori)
- Carcinoma in situ: severe dysplasia covering entire depth of EP, just before BM > pre-invasive ca
- (1) ↑ Cell growth (mitosis, bulk) (2) Atypical morphology (pleomorphism, hyperchromatism)
(3) Altered differentiation (immaturity, location)
- Anaplasia
- Lack of structural and functional differentiation = hallmark of malignancy
- Cells of malignancies so poorly differentiated origin is unknown
- Growth with tissue of unknown origin = malignancy
- Lack of structural and functional differentiation = hallmark of malignancy
- Neoplasia
- Abnormal, uncoordinated, excessive tissue growth and proliferation after withdrawal of initiating cause
- PATH: Genetic changes, deregulated growth control mechanisms
- Can influence normal cells through hormonal and growth factor production
- Benign/malignant
- Abnormal, uncoordinated, excessive tissue growth and proliferation after withdrawal of initiating cause
- Dysplasia
- Death
- Irreversible injury
- (1) Duration of stimulus, (2) Dose of chemical agent,
(3) Tx type/metabolic activity, (4) Health of tx
- (1) Duration of stimulus, (2) Dose of chemical agent,
(3) Tx type/metabolic activity, (4) Health of tx
- Necrosis
- Pathological + uncontrolled cell death in living organism, noxious stimuli
- PATH: (1) Ischemia, (2) Metabolic disorders, (3) Trauma, (4) Toxins, (5) Infections, (6) Drugs
- Cells digested by lysosomal enzymes
- Intracellular
- Lysosomal membrane damage (leak out)
- Cell membrane damage > lysE + cell
components leak out > inflammation
- Intracellular
- Coagulative, Liquefaction,
Gangrenous, Caseous, Gummatous,
Suppuration, Fat, Fibrinoid
- Pathological + uncontrolled cell death in living organism, noxious stimuli
- Apoptosis
- Programmed cell death, packaged in membranes, tagged for collection by phagocytes
- Cell used during growth and development, then removed
- Embryonic development, DNA damage that cannot be repaired
- No cell damage, no leakage, no inflammation
- PHYS: Eliminate necessary cells (1) Embryogenesis, (2) Hormone dependent
tissue (menstruation etc), (3) Cell loss in proliferating populations, (4)
Elimination of harmful lymphocytes, (5) Induced by cytotoxic T-cells
- PATH: still beneficial (1) DNA damage, (2) Cell injury d/t infections
- Programmed cell death, packaged in membranes, tagged for collection by phagocytes
- Irreversible injury
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