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How effective are Anti D's
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Biological (Depression & Schizophrenia) Mapa Mental sobre How effective are Anti D's, criado por n.c.wetmore em 26-04-2013.
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biological
depression & schizophrenia
biological
depression & schizophrenia
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n.c.wetmore
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How effective are Anti D's
Electroconvulsive Therapy ECT
electrically induced seizure
originated to help epilsepy and schizo with induced convulsions of insulin
insulin shock is dreadful experience and hard to control
proved not effective and was found to work with depression
when drugs introduced ECT less popular
used when people don't respond to drugs
given muscle relaxants and anaesthetics to minimise discomfort
common side effect is memory loss but limiting shock to right hemisphere reduces memory loss
memory impairment lasts no more than a few months, not forever
REISNER 2004
high risk of relapsing into another episode of depression within a few months
RIDDLE & SCOTT 1995
increases proliferation of new neurons in the hippo
alters expression of at least 120 genes in hippo and frontal cortex alone
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
intense magnetic field applied to scalp, stimulating axons near surface of brain
moderately effective against depression although mechanism of behavioural effect is unknown
Altered Sleep Patterns
teenagers reported almost daily problems in falling asleep or staying asleep
next 6-7 years developed depression
ROANE & TAYLOR 2008
fall asleep but awaken early unable to get back to sleep, REM sleep within 45 min
more than average number of eye movements per min during REM sleep
relatives show same sleep patterns and more likely to become depressed themselves than relatives who sleep normally
MODELL, ISING, HOLSBOER & LAUER 2005
lifelong trait of people who are predisposed to depression
night of sleep deprivation is quickest known method of relieving depression
benefit is brief, dep returns after next nights sleep
practical solution is to alter sleep schedule - going to bed earlier than usual, still wake up early but will have more sleep
REIMANN ET AL 1999
occurs in episodes so giving medication employs expectations enhancing probability of recovery
to test effectiveness of antidep need to compare effects to those of a placebo
only for people with severe depression do the drugs work
KRISCH ET AL 2008
Alt to antidep is psychotherapy
drugs work better for dysthymia
long term life long condition of happy mood
antidep ineffective for patients suffered abuse or neglect during early childhood or patients with multiple psych disorders
patients respond better to psychotherapy
psychotherapy more likely to have long-term benefits, reducing likelihood of relapse months or years after end of treatment
people improve more from both treatments than just one
brain scans show antidep and psychotherapy increase metabolism in same brain areas
BRODY ET AL 2001
Other Therapies
program of regular, non-strenuous exercise e..g. brisk walk for half an hour per day
active people less likely than sedentary people to become depressed
most of these studies are correlational in nature not cause-and-effect
exercise increases blood flow to the brain and provides other benefits without costs or risks of other treatments
HUNSBERGER ET AL 2007
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